Dissolution Of A Nigerian Copper Ore In Sulphuric Acid: Kinetics And Optimization Studies
Keywords:
Copper ore, Leaching, Response Surface Methodology, Optimization
Abstract
1115-9782 © 2018 Ife Journal of Technology
http://www.ijtonline.org
The leaching of copper from a Nigerian copper ore using sulphuric acid was investigated. Elemental analysis of the ore was done using Particle-induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) spectroscopy with 2.5 MeV protons and this showed the major elements in the ore to be S (12.81 %), Fe (15.46 %), Cu (9.05 %) and Zn (1.15 %). The ore was milled to about 100 microns size using a Rocklabs ring mill and leaching tests were done according to a 3-factor Central Composite Design with leaching time, temperature and acid concentration as the design variables. Simple regression equations for the degree of dissolution and the quantity of Cu extracted were determined from the experimental data, and the main effects and interactions from the leaching studies were determined by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). Experimental results indicate that the dissolution rate is chemical reaction controlled, and the optimum percentage dissolution and concentration of copper in the leachate were found to be 14.89 % and 1.78 g/l, respectively while the optimum dissolution time, temperature, and acid concentration were found to be 65.7 min, 65.5 oC and 4.34 M, respectively. In conclusion, the dissolution kinetics of copper ore in sulphuric acid was found to be governed by the shrinking core model with chemical reaction as the rate-controlling mechanism. The activation energy for the dissolution process was found to be 16.04 kJ.mol-1.
References
Adebayo, A. O., Ipinmoroti, K. O., Ajayi, O. O. “Dissolution kinetics of chalcopyrite with hydrogen peroxide in sulphuric acid medium.” Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Quarterly 17(3):213–218, 2003
Baba, A. A., Ayinla, K. I., Adekola, F. A., Ghosh, M. K., Ayanda, O. S., Bale, R. B., Sheik, A. R., Pradhan, S. R. “A review on novel techniques for chalcopyrite ore processing.” International Journal of Mining Engineering and Mineral Processing 1(1):1–16, 2012
Baba, A. A., Balogun, A. F., Olaoluwa, D. T., Bale, R. B., Adekola, F. A., Alabi, A. G. F. “Leaching kinetics of a Nigerian complex covellite ore by the ammonia-ammonium sulfate solution.” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 34(4):1133–1140, 2017.
Baba, A. A., Olumodeji, O. O., Adekola, F. A., Lawa, M., Aremu, A. S. “Quantitative leaching of a spent cell phone printed circuit board by hydrochloric acid.” Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 20(2):119–130, 2014.
Benyaich, F., Makhtari, A., Torrisi, L., Foti, G. “PIXE and XRF comparison for applications to sediments analysis.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 132(3):481–488, 1997.
Bingöl, D., Canbazoğlu, M. “Dissolution kinetics of malachite in sulphuric acid.” Hydrometallurgy 72(1): 159–165, 2004.
Biswas, A. K., Davenport, W. G. "Extractive Metallurgy of Copper" International Series on Materials Science and Technology. Elsevier, 2013.
Chen, S. Y., Li, X. R., An, D., Liang, J., Liu, C. S. “Preparation and wear performance of novel graphite/copper alloy-matrix self-lubricating composite materials.” Advanced Materials Research, Trans Tech Publications 284–287, 2014.
Davis, J. R. "Copper and copper alloys." ASM international, Ohio, USA, 2001.
Doebrich, J. “Copper—A Metal for the Ages.” https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3031/FS2009-3031.pdf, (Last accessed: Jun. 2, 2017), 2009.
Gomez, C., Limpo, J. L., De Luis, A., Blazquez, M. L., Gonzalez, F., Ballester, A. “Hydrometallurgy of bulk concentrates of Spanish complex sulphides: Chemical and bacterial leaching.” Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 36(1): 15–23, 1997.
Hajivaliei, M., Garg, M. L., Handa, D. K., Govil, K. L., Kakavand, T., Vijayan, V., Singh, K. P., Govil, I. M. “PIXE analysis of ancient Indian coins.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 150(1): 645–650, 1999.
Han, K. N., Meng, X. “Recovery of copper from its sulfides and other sources using halogen reagents and oxidants.” Minerals & metallurgical processing 20(3): 160–164, 2003.
Jayabharath, K., Ashfaq, M., Venugopal, P., Achar, D. R. G. “Investigations on the continuous drive friction welding of sintered powder metallurgical (P/M) steel and wrought copper parts.” Materials Science and Engineering: A 454:114–123, 2007.
Klement, M., Guth, G., Lott, O., Nagel, A., Schneider, G. “Synthesis and quantitative characterization of novel copper-graphite composite materials for use as electrical sliding contacts.” Practical Metallography 52(1): 21–37, 2015.
Kundig, K. J. A., Dresher, W. H. “Copper.” Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
Lennart, E. “Copper book for architecture.” https://finland.aurubis.com/fileadmin/media/pdf/EN/copperbook.pdf, (Last accessed: Jun. 2, 2017), 2013.
Liddell, Kn. C. “Shrinking core models in hydrometallurgy: What students are not being told about the pseudo-steady approximation.” Hydrometallurgy 79(1):62–68, 2005.
Montgomery, D. C., Runger, G. C., Hubele, N. F. Engineering statistics. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
Noaparast, M., Shafaei, S. Z., Amini, A., Heidarnia, A. “Iron leaching from bauxite ore in hydrochloric acid using response surface methodology.” Journal of Mining and Environment 6(1):103–108, 2015.
Obiajunwa, E.I., Nwachukwu, J.I. “Simultaneous PIXE and PIGME Analysis of a Nigerian Tar Sand Sample from a Deep Borehole.” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 245: 659–661, 2000.
Olubami, P. A., Borode, J. O., Ndlovu, S. “Sulphuric acid leaching of zinc and copper from Nigerian Complex Sulphide Ore in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.” Journal-South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 106(11):765 - 770, 2006.
Pérez, N. A., Bucio, L., Bokhimi, X., Lima, E., Soto, E. “Quantification of amorphous phases in the silt fraction of Mexican pre-Hispanic adobe earth bricks.” Journal of Applied Crystallography 49(2):561–568, 2016.
Rodríguez-Fernández, L., Miranda, J., Oliver, A. “Characterization of a Si (Li) detector for PIXE analysis.” Journal of X-ray science and technology, 4(3): 221–246, 1994.
Ross, R. B. Metallic materials specification handbook. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
Rubio, A., Frutos, F. G. “Bioleaching capacity of an extremely thermophilic culture for chalcopyritic materials.” Minerals Engineering 15(9): 689–694, 2002.
Safari, V., Arzpeyma, G., Rashchi, F., Mostoufi, N. “A shrinking particle—shrinking core model for leaching of a zinc ore containing silica.” International Journal of Mineral Processing 93(1):79–83, 2009.
Sanda, O., Taiwo, E. A. “Solvent extraction of tantalum (V) from aqueous sulphate/fluoride solution using trioctyl phosphine oxide in MIBK.” Hydrometallurgy 127: 168–171, 2012.
Sanda, O., Taiwo, E. A. “Investigation of dissolution kinetics of a Nigerian columbite in hydrofluoric acid using the shrinking core model.” Nigerian Journal of Technology 35(4): 841–846, 2016.
Scott, D. A. "Copper and bronze in art: corrosion, colorants, conservation." Getty publications, 2002.
Winterhalter, C. A., Teverovsky, J., Wilson, P., Slade, J., Horowitz, W., Tierney, E., Sharma, V. “Development of electronic textiles to support networks, communications, and medical applications in future US Military protective clothing systems.” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 9(3): 402–406, 2005.
Baba, A. A., Ayinla, K. I., Adekola, F. A., Ghosh, M. K., Ayanda, O. S., Bale, R. B., Sheik, A. R., Pradhan, S. R. “A review on novel techniques for chalcopyrite ore processing.” International Journal of Mining Engineering and Mineral Processing 1(1):1–16, 2012
Baba, A. A., Balogun, A. F., Olaoluwa, D. T., Bale, R. B., Adekola, F. A., Alabi, A. G. F. “Leaching kinetics of a Nigerian complex covellite ore by the ammonia-ammonium sulfate solution.” Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 34(4):1133–1140, 2017.
Baba, A. A., Olumodeji, O. O., Adekola, F. A., Lawa, M., Aremu, A. S. “Quantitative leaching of a spent cell phone printed circuit board by hydrochloric acid.” Metallurgical and Materials Engineering 20(2):119–130, 2014.
Benyaich, F., Makhtari, A., Torrisi, L., Foti, G. “PIXE and XRF comparison for applications to sediments analysis.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 132(3):481–488, 1997.
Bingöl, D., Canbazoğlu, M. “Dissolution kinetics of malachite in sulphuric acid.” Hydrometallurgy 72(1): 159–165, 2004.
Biswas, A. K., Davenport, W. G. "Extractive Metallurgy of Copper" International Series on Materials Science and Technology. Elsevier, 2013.
Chen, S. Y., Li, X. R., An, D., Liang, J., Liu, C. S. “Preparation and wear performance of novel graphite/copper alloy-matrix self-lubricating composite materials.” Advanced Materials Research, Trans Tech Publications 284–287, 2014.
Davis, J. R. "Copper and copper alloys." ASM international, Ohio, USA, 2001.
Doebrich, J. “Copper—A Metal for the Ages.” https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2009/3031/FS2009-3031.pdf, (Last accessed: Jun. 2, 2017), 2009.
Gomez, C., Limpo, J. L., De Luis, A., Blazquez, M. L., Gonzalez, F., Ballester, A. “Hydrometallurgy of bulk concentrates of Spanish complex sulphides: Chemical and bacterial leaching.” Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 36(1): 15–23, 1997.
Hajivaliei, M., Garg, M. L., Handa, D. K., Govil, K. L., Kakavand, T., Vijayan, V., Singh, K. P., Govil, I. M. “PIXE analysis of ancient Indian coins.” Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 150(1): 645–650, 1999.
Han, K. N., Meng, X. “Recovery of copper from its sulfides and other sources using halogen reagents and oxidants.” Minerals & metallurgical processing 20(3): 160–164, 2003.
Jayabharath, K., Ashfaq, M., Venugopal, P., Achar, D. R. G. “Investigations on the continuous drive friction welding of sintered powder metallurgical (P/M) steel and wrought copper parts.” Materials Science and Engineering: A 454:114–123, 2007.
Klement, M., Guth, G., Lott, O., Nagel, A., Schneider, G. “Synthesis and quantitative characterization of novel copper-graphite composite materials for use as electrical sliding contacts.” Practical Metallography 52(1): 21–37, 2015.
Kundig, K. J. A., Dresher, W. H. “Copper.” Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2000.
Lennart, E. “Copper book for architecture.” https://finland.aurubis.com/fileadmin/media/pdf/EN/copperbook.pdf, (Last accessed: Jun. 2, 2017), 2013.
Liddell, Kn. C. “Shrinking core models in hydrometallurgy: What students are not being told about the pseudo-steady approximation.” Hydrometallurgy 79(1):62–68, 2005.
Montgomery, D. C., Runger, G. C., Hubele, N. F. Engineering statistics. John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
Noaparast, M., Shafaei, S. Z., Amini, A., Heidarnia, A. “Iron leaching from bauxite ore in hydrochloric acid using response surface methodology.” Journal of Mining and Environment 6(1):103–108, 2015.
Obiajunwa, E.I., Nwachukwu, J.I. “Simultaneous PIXE and PIGME Analysis of a Nigerian Tar Sand Sample from a Deep Borehole.” Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 245: 659–661, 2000.
Olubami, P. A., Borode, J. O., Ndlovu, S. “Sulphuric acid leaching of zinc and copper from Nigerian Complex Sulphide Ore in the presence of hydrogen peroxide.” Journal-South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 106(11):765 - 770, 2006.
Pérez, N. A., Bucio, L., Bokhimi, X., Lima, E., Soto, E. “Quantification of amorphous phases in the silt fraction of Mexican pre-Hispanic adobe earth bricks.” Journal of Applied Crystallography 49(2):561–568, 2016.
Rodríguez-Fernández, L., Miranda, J., Oliver, A. “Characterization of a Si (Li) detector for PIXE analysis.” Journal of X-ray science and technology, 4(3): 221–246, 1994.
Ross, R. B. Metallic materials specification handbook. Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
Rubio, A., Frutos, F. G. “Bioleaching capacity of an extremely thermophilic culture for chalcopyritic materials.” Minerals Engineering 15(9): 689–694, 2002.
Safari, V., Arzpeyma, G., Rashchi, F., Mostoufi, N. “A shrinking particle—shrinking core model for leaching of a zinc ore containing silica.” International Journal of Mineral Processing 93(1):79–83, 2009.
Sanda, O., Taiwo, E. A. “Solvent extraction of tantalum (V) from aqueous sulphate/fluoride solution using trioctyl phosphine oxide in MIBK.” Hydrometallurgy 127: 168–171, 2012.
Sanda, O., Taiwo, E. A. “Investigation of dissolution kinetics of a Nigerian columbite in hydrofluoric acid using the shrinking core model.” Nigerian Journal of Technology 35(4): 841–846, 2016.
Scott, D. A. "Copper and bronze in art: corrosion, colorants, conservation." Getty publications, 2002.
Winterhalter, C. A., Teverovsky, J., Wilson, P., Slade, J., Horowitz, W., Tierney, E., Sharma, V. “Development of electronic textiles to support networks, communications, and medical applications in future US Military protective clothing systems.” IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine 9(3): 402–406, 2005.
How to Cite
Sanda, O., Ayoola, M., Ehinmitola, O., & Taiwo, E. (1). Dissolution Of A Nigerian Copper Ore In Sulphuric Acid: Kinetics And Optimization Studies. Ife Journal of Technology, 25(1), 6-14. Retrieved from http://ijt.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/ijt/article/view/131
Section
Articles - DO NOT USE
