Purification Of Nigerian Antang Corundum For Advanced Ceramic Production
Keywords:
Alumina, armour, corundum ceramic, froth floatation
Abstract
1115-9782 © 2018 Ife Journal of Technology
http://www.ijtonline.org
The study deals with purification of Antang corundum from Zanga LGA, Kaduna State of Nigeria for ceramic production. The experimental work was on the laboratory-scale beneficiation of Antang corundum for possible alumina production in advanced ceramic development. Froth floatation procedure was employed in beneficiating the corundum to get a high-grade alumina while depressing the other minerals by using laboratory-floatation equipment. The results from the experiments presented more than 32 % improvement in the alumina content of the corundum. The alumina content achieved was 86.6 %, which makes the corundum surpasses the 85 % alumina grade in the CoorsTek ceramic properties standard, commonly used for armour ceramic production. The Antang corundum can then be used as a substitute for bauxite and alum that are the major sources of alumina through Bayer process and calcination method respectively.
References
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Atapek, S. H. and Karagoz, S. “Ballistic Impact Behaviour of a Tempered Bainitic Steel against 7.62 mm Armour Piercing Projectile.” Defence Science Journal 61 (1): 81-87, 2011.
Bless, S., Satapathy, S. and Simha, H. “Response of alumina ceramic to impact and penetration”, Transactions on the Built Environment 22: 521-532, 1996.
Bourne, N. K. and Millett, J. C. F., Chen, M., McCauley, J. W. and Dandekar, D. P. “On the Hugoniot elastic limit in polycrystalline alumina”, Journal of Applied Physics 102: 1-9, 2007. DOI: 10.1063/1.2787154.
Cegła, M., Habaj, W., Stępniak, W. and Podgórzak, P. “Hybrid Ceramic-Textile Composite Armour Structures for a Strengthened Bullet-Proof Vest”, FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 23 (1): 85-88, 2015.
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CoorsTek “Ceramic Properties Standard”, 2008. Available on http://www.coorstek.com/resource-library/library/8510-1042_ceramic_material_properties.pdf.
Dateraksa, K., Sujirote, K., McCuiston, R. and Atong, D. “Ballistic Performance of Ceramic/S2-Glass Composite Armour.” Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 22(2): 33-39, 2012.
David, W. R. “Modern Ceramic Engineering: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design.” 3rd Edition. Taylor and Francis Group, New York, pp. 403-472, n.d.
Denzel, J. R. “Determination of shock properties of ceramic corbit 98: 98% alumina”. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis of Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 2010.
Dwight, D. S., William, A. G., Mattew, S. B., Jonathan, S. M. and Richard, J. S. “Development and Ballastic Testing of a New Class of High Hardness. Armour Steel.” AMMTIAC Quarterly 4 (4): 3-6, 2008
Ettu, O., Gundu, D. T. and Akindele, U. M. “Liberation size and beneficiation of Arufulead ore, Nasarawa State, North-Central Nigeria.” International Journal of Engineering Development and Research 3 (1): 90-94, 2014.
Fawas, Z., Zheng, W. and Behdinan, K. “Numerical simulation of Numerical simulation of normal and oblique ballistic impact on ceramic composite armours.” Composite Structures 63: 387-395, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00187-9.
Guild, F. J., El-Habti, M. and Hogg P. J. “Ballistic Impact of Composite Laminates: Experiments and Simulations.” Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Composite Materials, Kyoto, Japan, 2007.
Iannucci, L. and Pope, D. “High velocity impact and armour design.” eXPRESS Polymer Letters 5(3): 262–272, 2011. DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2011.26
Jovicic, J. M. “Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Static and Ballistic Behaviour of Multi-layered/Multiphase Composite Materials Using Detailed Microstructural Discretization.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation of Drexel University, 2003.
Karen, D. Material Review: Alumina (Al2O3). School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal, pp. 109-114, 2010.
Kundig, R., Buhler, C. and Surbeck, H. “Aluminium oxide (corundum, emery, sapphire/ruby)”. Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I: 1-4, 2012.
Liaghat, G. H., Shanazari1, H., Tahmasebi1, M., Aboutorabi, A. and Hadavinia, H. “A Modified Analytical Model for Analysis of Perforation of Projectile into Ceramic Composite Targets”, International Journal of Composite Materials 3(6B): 17-22, 2013. DOI: 10.5923/s.cmaterials.201310.03.
Medvedovski, E. “Alumina–mullite ceramics for structural applications.” Ceramics International 32: 369–375, 2006.
Mukasey, M. B., Sedgwick, J. L. and Hagy, D. W. “Ballistic resistance of bodyarmour NIJ Standard-0101.06”. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2008. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij
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Rojek, M., Szymiczek, M., Stabik, J. Mężyk, A., Jamroziak, K., Krzystała, E. and Kurowski, J. “Composite materials with the polymeric matrix applied to ballistic shields.” Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, International Scientific Journal 63(1): 26-35, 2013.
Riedel, R. and Chen, I. W. Ed. “Ceramics Science and Tech.: Properties”.WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2: 1-58, 2010.
Sarva, S., Nemat-Nasser, S., McGee, J. and Isaacs, J. “The effect of thin membrane restraint on the ballistic performance of armour grade ceramic tiles.” International Journal of Impact Engineering 34: 277-302, 2007. DOI:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.07.006
Serjouei, A., Chi, R., Sridhar, I. and Tan, G. E. B. “An empirical model for the ballistic limit of bi-layer ceramic/metal armour.” Procedia Engineering 75: 14-18, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.11.003
Shih, C. J., Nesterenko, V. F. and Meyers, M. A. “High-strain-rate deformation and comminution of silicon carbide.” Journal of Applied Physics 83(9): 4660-4671, 1998.
Silva, M. V., Stainer, D., Al-Qureshi, H. A., Montedo, O. R. K. and Hotza, D. “Alumina-Based Ceramics for Armor Application: Mechanical Characterization and Ballistic Testing”, Journal of Ceramics, Article ID 618154: 1-6, 2014.
Smith, C. W. and Liewellyn, T. O. “Pioneering studies on the flotation of corundum from a Montana Gneiss.” Bureau of Mines, U.S, Government printing office. Pp. 1-4, 1987.
Souto, A., Rodriguez, A. and Guitian, F. “Purification of corundum by calcination under controlled reducing conditions”, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 20: 695-698, 2001.
Staggs, S. E. “Penetration resistance of polymer crosslinked aerogel armour subjected to projectile impact”. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis of Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA, 2009.
Tolochko, N. K. “Structure and ballistic properties of armoured panels on the base of ceramics.” Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 56(4): 1223-1226, 2011. DOI: 10.2478/v10172-011-0139-0
Ünaler, E. “Development and characterization of light-weight armour materials”. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis of İzmir Institute of Technology, 2005.
Zaera, R. and Sanchez-Galvez, V. “Modelling of Fracture Processes in the Ballistic Impact on Ceramic Armours.” Journal of Physics 4(7): 687-692, 1997.
Zhang, X., Yang, G. and Huang X. “Analytical model of ceramic/metal armour impacted by deformable projectile.” Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 27(3): 287–294, 2006.
Atapek, S. H. “Ballistic Impact Behaviour of Quenched and Tempered Steels.” Proceedings of the International Iron & Steel Symposium, Karabuk, Turkey, April 2012.
Atapek, S. H. and Karagoz, S. “Ballistic Impact Behaviour of a Tempered Bainitic Steel against 7.62 mm Armour Piercing Projectile.” Defence Science Journal 61 (1): 81-87, 2011.
Bless, S., Satapathy, S. and Simha, H. “Response of alumina ceramic to impact and penetration”, Transactions on the Built Environment 22: 521-532, 1996.
Bourne, N. K. and Millett, J. C. F., Chen, M., McCauley, J. W. and Dandekar, D. P. “On the Hugoniot elastic limit in polycrystalline alumina”, Journal of Applied Physics 102: 1-9, 2007. DOI: 10.1063/1.2787154.
Cegła, M., Habaj, W., Stępniak, W. and Podgórzak, P. “Hybrid Ceramic-Textile Composite Armour Structures for a Strengthened Bullet-Proof Vest”, FIBRES & TEXTILES in Eastern Europe 23 (1): 85-88, 2015.
Cooper, G. and Gotts, P. (2003): “Ballistic Protection”. British Crown Publications, U.K. pp. 67-90, 2003.
CoorsTek “Ceramic Properties Standard”, 2008. Available on http://www.coorstek.com/resource-library/library/8510-1042_ceramic_material_properties.pdf.
Dateraksa, K., Sujirote, K., McCuiston, R. and Atong, D. “Ballistic Performance of Ceramic/S2-Glass Composite Armour.” Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 22(2): 33-39, 2012.
David, W. R. “Modern Ceramic Engineering: Properties, Processing, and Use in Design.” 3rd Edition. Taylor and Francis Group, New York, pp. 403-472, n.d.
Denzel, J. R. “Determination of shock properties of ceramic corbit 98: 98% alumina”. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis of Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 2010.
Dwight, D. S., William, A. G., Mattew, S. B., Jonathan, S. M. and Richard, J. S. “Development and Ballastic Testing of a New Class of High Hardness. Armour Steel.” AMMTIAC Quarterly 4 (4): 3-6, 2008
Ettu, O., Gundu, D. T. and Akindele, U. M. “Liberation size and beneficiation of Arufulead ore, Nasarawa State, North-Central Nigeria.” International Journal of Engineering Development and Research 3 (1): 90-94, 2014.
Fawas, Z., Zheng, W. and Behdinan, K. “Numerical simulation of Numerical simulation of normal and oblique ballistic impact on ceramic composite armours.” Composite Structures 63: 387-395, 2004. DOI: 10.1016/S0263-8223(03)00187-9.
Guild, F. J., El-Habti, M. and Hogg P. J. “Ballistic Impact of Composite Laminates: Experiments and Simulations.” Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Composite Materials, Kyoto, Japan, 2007.
Iannucci, L. and Pope, D. “High velocity impact and armour design.” eXPRESS Polymer Letters 5(3): 262–272, 2011. DOI: 10.3144/expresspolymlett.2011.26
Jovicic, J. M. “Numerical Modeling and Analysis of Static and Ballistic Behaviour of Multi-layered/Multiphase Composite Materials Using Detailed Microstructural Discretization.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation of Drexel University, 2003.
Karen, D. Material Review: Alumina (Al2O3). School of Doctoral Studies (European Union) Journal, pp. 109-114, 2010.
Kundig, R., Buhler, C. and Surbeck, H. “Aluminium oxide (corundum, emery, sapphire/ruby)”. Applied Mineralogy and Non-Metallic Resources I: 1-4, 2012.
Liaghat, G. H., Shanazari1, H., Tahmasebi1, M., Aboutorabi, A. and Hadavinia, H. “A Modified Analytical Model for Analysis of Perforation of Projectile into Ceramic Composite Targets”, International Journal of Composite Materials 3(6B): 17-22, 2013. DOI: 10.5923/s.cmaterials.201310.03.
Medvedovski, E. “Alumina–mullite ceramics for structural applications.” Ceramics International 32: 369–375, 2006.
Mukasey, M. B., Sedgwick, J. L. and Hagy, D. W. “Ballistic resistance of bodyarmour NIJ Standard-0101.06”. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 2008. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij
NIJ “Selection and Application Guide to Ballistic-Resistant Body Armour: For Law Enforcement, Corrections and Public Safety”. NIJ Selection and Application Guide- 0101.06. U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs, 810 Seventh St. N.W. Washington, DC 20531: 1-45, 2014.
Rojek, M., Szymiczek, M., Stabik, J. Mężyk, A., Jamroziak, K., Krzystała, E. and Kurowski, J. “Composite materials with the polymeric matrix applied to ballistic shields.” Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, International Scientific Journal 63(1): 26-35, 2013.
Riedel, R. and Chen, I. W. Ed. “Ceramics Science and Tech.: Properties”.WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, 2: 1-58, 2010.
Sarva, S., Nemat-Nasser, S., McGee, J. and Isaacs, J. “The effect of thin membrane restraint on the ballistic performance of armour grade ceramic tiles.” International Journal of Impact Engineering 34: 277-302, 2007. DOI:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.07.006
Serjouei, A., Chi, R., Sridhar, I. and Tan, G. E. B. “An empirical model for the ballistic limit of bi-layer ceramic/metal armour.” Procedia Engineering 75: 14-18, 2014. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.11.003
Shih, C. J., Nesterenko, V. F. and Meyers, M. A. “High-strain-rate deformation and comminution of silicon carbide.” Journal of Applied Physics 83(9): 4660-4671, 1998.
Silva, M. V., Stainer, D., Al-Qureshi, H. A., Montedo, O. R. K. and Hotza, D. “Alumina-Based Ceramics for Armor Application: Mechanical Characterization and Ballistic Testing”, Journal of Ceramics, Article ID 618154: 1-6, 2014.
Smith, C. W. and Liewellyn, T. O. “Pioneering studies on the flotation of corundum from a Montana Gneiss.” Bureau of Mines, U.S, Government printing office. Pp. 1-4, 1987.
Souto, A., Rodriguez, A. and Guitian, F. “Purification of corundum by calcination under controlled reducing conditions”, Journal of the European Ceramic Society 20: 695-698, 2001.
Staggs, S. E. “Penetration resistance of polymer crosslinked aerogel armour subjected to projectile impact”. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis of Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, USA, 2009.
Tolochko, N. K. “Structure and ballistic properties of armoured panels on the base of ceramics.” Archives of Metallurgy and Materials, vol. 56(4): 1223-1226, 2011. DOI: 10.2478/v10172-011-0139-0
Ünaler, E. “Development and characterization of light-weight armour materials”. Unpublished M.Sc. thesis of İzmir Institute of Technology, 2005.
Zaera, R. and Sanchez-Galvez, V. “Modelling of Fracture Processes in the Ballistic Impact on Ceramic Armours.” Journal of Physics 4(7): 687-692, 1997.
Zhang, X., Yang, G. and Huang X. “Analytical model of ceramic/metal armour impacted by deformable projectile.” Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 27(3): 287–294, 2006.
How to Cite
Sanusi, O., Dauda, M., Ahmed, A., Isa, M., Akindapo, J., Oyelaran, O., & Ogundana, T. (1). Purification Of Nigerian Antang Corundum For Advanced Ceramic Production. Ife Journal of Technology, 25(1), 34-38. Retrieved from http://ijt.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/ijt/article/view/135
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