Performance Of Natural Rubber Latex Stabilized Adobe Bricks
Keywords:
adobe bricks, natural rubber latex, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, water absorption
Abstract
This study investigated the stabilization of adobe bricks with natural rubber latex (NRL). The laterite used was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effects of using NRL at 0, 1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5 and 6.25 % by weight of laterite on compressive strength, modulus of rupture and water absorption properties of adobe bricks were examined. Three hundred and seventy-eight specimens were cast, cured and tested for the above-mentioned tests at 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, 90 and 120 days. The results showed that NRL enhanced the properties of adobe bricks and 5% natural rubber stabilized adobe bricks gave the optimum results of all the tested properties. At 120 days of curing, the maximum compressive strength, the maximum modulus of rupture and the minimum percentage of water absorption at 0% NRL stabilizations are 0.69 N/mm2, 0.48N/mm2 and 18.50% respectively while at 5% NRL stabilization, the maximum compressive strength, the maximum modulus of rupture and the minimum percentage of water absorption are 2.25 N/mm2, 1.66 N/mm2 and 7.01% respectively.
References
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Austin, G. S., Adobe as a building material, New Mexico Bureau of Mines a Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM 87801, 1984.
Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., Terra Literature Review. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, USA 2008.
Ayeni, O., Liu, W.C., Misssanjo, E., Enhancing Some Geotechnical Characteristics of Laterite Soils Using Limestone Ash Waste Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 5(2): 1-12, 2016; Article no. JGEESI.22042
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Begum, R., Habib, A., Begum, H.A., Adobe Bricks Stabilized with Cement and Natural Rubber Latex. International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2, Issue-4, 2014.
Bharath B., Maheshwar R. L., Juberahmed P., Rahul R. P., Studies on Stabilised Adobe Blocks. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06, 2014.
British Standard Institute, Methods of Tests for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. BS 1377-1: 1990.
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Elarabi, H., Taha, M., Elkhawad, T., Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soils from Muglad Basin Located in the South – Western Part of Sudan. Sudan Engineering Society Journal, March2013, Volume 59; No.1. 2013.
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Houben, H. and Guillaud, H. Earth construction: a comprehensive guide, Earth Construction Series. Intermediate Technology Publications. 1994.
Houben, H., Rigassi, V., Garnier, P., Compressed Earth Blocks Production Equipment, CDI and CRATerre-EAG, Brussels. 1994.
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Karunaratne, S. W., John, R. S., Piyadasa, K. A., Use of Natural Rubber Latex to Improve Seepage Resistance of Soils. Q. Jl. Rubb. Res. Inst. Ceylon 47-51, 1971.
Lemougna, P. N., Chinje-Melo, U. F., Kamseu, E., Tchamba, A. B., Laterite Based Stabilized Products for Sustainable Building Applications in Tropical Countries: Review and Prospects for the Case of Cameroon. Laterite Based Stabilized Products for Sustainable Building Applications in Tropical Countries: Review and Prospects for the Case of Cameroon, Minresi/Mipromalo, Yaounde. 2011.
Liu, X., Yu, W., Evaluating the Thermal Stability of High Performance Fibers by TGA. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 99:937944. doi:10.1002/app.22305, 2006.
Mabogunje, A., Welcome address at the Stakeholders Forum on Strategies for Enhancing Domestic Production of Building Materials for Mass Housing Development in Nigeria. Held at NICON Hilton Hotel, Abuja. 2003.
Marshal, I., Onyekachi, O., Funding Housing Deficit in Nigeria: A Review of the Efforts, Challenges and the Way Forward. International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 5, No. 13, 2014.
Mbumbia, L., de-Wilmarsa, A.M., Tirlocq. J., Performance Characteristics of Lateritic Soil Bricks Fired at Low Temperatures: A Case Study of Cameroon. Construct. Building Materials. 14, 121-131, 2000.
Middendorf, J., Properties and Methodology of Earth Structures GSD 6400: Energy and Environment, Michelle Addington. 2001.
Okwu, U. N., Eguavoen, O.I., Okore, I. k., Three Decades of Natural Rubber Production in Nigeria: Policies, Problems and Prospects. Global Academic Group. Pp 1-9, 2015.
Okunade E. A., Engineering Properties of lateritic Adobe Bricks for Local Building Construction and Recommendations for Practice. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2(9): 1455-1459, 2007.
Olotuah, A. O. and Aiwa, A. A., Housing the Urban Poor in Nigeria through Low-Cost Housing Schemes. International Journal of Physical and Human Geography Vol.1, No 3, pp.1-82013.
Omo-Ikerodah, E. E., Ehika, S.N., Egharevba, O., Yakub, W., Mokwunye, M.U.B., Orimoloye J. R., Exploitation Systems of Hevea Trees Amongst Smallholders in Nigeria. Researcher; 3(12):23-29]. (ISSN: 1553-9865), 2011.
Oware, B., Method for Analyzing Soil Samples for Mineral Composition using XRD. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. 2014.
Oshike, E. E. (2015) Building with Earth in Nigeria: A Review of the Past and Present Efforts to enhance future Housing Developments. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 4, No 1, 646 – 660, 2015.
Otoko, G. R., The Use of Laterites for Production of Soil-Cement Blocks. International Journal of Engineering and Technology Research Vol. 2, No. 4, Pp 1-11, 2014.
Pachco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., Earth construction: Lessons from the past for future eco-efficient construction. Elsevier, Portugal. 2011
Raychaudhuri, S. P., (1980) The Occurrence, Distrihution, Classificationand Management of Laterite and Lateritic Soils. Ournée Georges Aubert. 1980.
Razia, B., Habib, A., Begum, H. A., Adobe Bricks Stabilized with Cement and Natural Rubber Latex. International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering. (IJESE)ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2, 2014.
Rigassi, V., Compressed Earth Block, Manual of Production. Deutsches Zentrun Fur Entwicklungstechnologien, Germany,Vol. 1, 1995.
Riza, V. F., Abdul-Rahman I., Ahmad Zaidi A. A., Brief Review of Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB). International Conference on Science and Social Research, Kuala Lumpur. 2010.
Rubber Chemistry, Matador Rubber s.r.o. 2007.
Schulze, D. G., Clay Minerals. Elsevier Ltd, West Lafayette, IN, USA. 2005.
Silveira, D., Varum H., Costa, A., Martins, T., Pereira, H., Almeida, J., Mechanical Properties of Adobe Bricks in Ancient Constructions. Researchgate Publications. 2012.
Skinner, F. G., The Cob Buildings of Devon. Devon Historic Building Trust, London. 1992.
Smith, E. W. (1982). Adobe Bricks in New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 188, Pp 89, 1982.
Stajanča, M.,Eštoková, A., Environmental Impacts of Cement Production. Civil Engineering Faculty, Institute of Architectural Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Slovakia. 2012.
Struebur, J., Harns, V., Meyer, E., Carter, E., Maweza, E., Matshaya, M., An Energy Efficient House for under $3,000 Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition,1106 – 1115, 2004.
Volkoff, B., Red and Lateritic Soils. Orstom, 72, route d'Aulnay-93143, Bondy, France. 1998.
Walker, P.J Strength and Erosion Characteristics of Earth Blocks and Earth Block Masonry, J. Mater. Civil Eng., 16(5): 497-506, 2004.
Widdowson, M., Laterite and Ferricrete. Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, Pp 46-94,2007.
Zangato, E., Variantes architecturales des Tazunu du Nord-Ouest de la Republique Centrafricaine et evolution chrono-culturelle regionale. J. des Afri, Pp. 65, 125-143, 1995.
Aguwa, J. I., Study of Compressive Strength of Laterite-Cement Mixes as a Building Material, AU J.T. 13(2) 114-120, 2009.
Aleva, G.J.J., Laterites: Concepts, Geology, Morphology and Chemistry. International Soil Reference and Information Centre (ISRIC), Wageningen, The Netherlands. 1994.
Al-Sakkaf, Y. A., Durability Properties of Stabilized Earth Blocks, Unpublished Thesis, Universiti Sains Malaysia. 2009.
Amare, G. M., Compaction Properties of lateritic Soils. Faculty of Technology, Addis
Ababa University,Addis Ababa. 2008.
Amu, O.O., Ogunniyi, S.A., Oladeji, O.O., Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soil Stabilized with Sugarcane Straw Ash. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. ISSN: 2153-649X doi:10.5251/ajsir.2011.2.2.323.331, 2011.
Arumala, J. O. and Gondal, T. Compressed Earth Building Blocks for Affordable Housing. RICS, London SW1P 3AD, United Kingdom. 2007.
ASTM C67-02c., Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA. 2001.
ASTM D4138., Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, USA. 2005.
Austin, G. S., Adobe as a building material, New Mexico Bureau of Mines a Mineral Resources, Socorro, NM 87801, 1984.
Avrami, E., Guillaud, H., Hardy, M., Terra Literature Review. The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, USA 2008.
Ayeni, O., Liu, W.C., Misssanjo, E., Enhancing Some Geotechnical Characteristics of Laterite Soils Using Limestone Ash Waste Journal of Geography, Environment and Earth Science International 5(2): 1-12, 2016; Article no. JGEESI.22042
Balla, S. Understanding Adobe. Volunteers in Technical Education, Virginia, USA. 1985.
Banjongkliang, E., Wattanachai, P., Parichatprecha, R., Evaluation of Strength and Microstructure of Adobe Stabilized with Blended Rubber Latex and Sodium Silicate. Kasetsart J. (Nat. Sci.) 49: Pp 288 – 300, 2015.
Begum, R., Habib, A., Begum, H.A., Adobe Bricks Stabilized with Cement and Natural Rubber Latex. International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering (IJESE) ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2, Issue-4, 2014.
Bharath B., Maheshwar R. L., Juberahmed P., Rahul R. P., Studies on Stabilised Adobe Blocks. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology Volume: 03 Special Issue: 06, 2014.
British Standard Institute, Methods of Tests for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes. BS 1377-1: 1990.
Das, B. M., Principles of Foundation Engineering, SI Seventh Edition, Global Engineering, USA. 2011.
Das, B. M., Principles of Geotechnical Engineering. Fifth Edition, Thompson, Canada. 2006.
Das, B. M., Soil Mechanics Laboratory Manual. Sixth Edition, Oxford University Press, New York, 2002.Eco Maquinas Premium Manual, Eco Maquinas, Brazil. 2004.
Elarabi, H., Taha, M., Elkhawad, T., Geotechnical Properties of Lateritic Soils from Muglad Basin Located in the South – Western Part of Sudan. Sudan Engineering Society Journal, March2013, Volume 59; No.1. 2013.
Fm 5-472 navfac mo 330 afjman 32-1221(i). Materials Testing. Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington, DC. 2001. Heritage Preservation Services. Preservation of Historic Adobe Buildings, U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Cultural Resources. 1978.
Guettala, A., Houari, H., Mezghiche, B., Chebili, R., Durability of Lime Stabilized Earth Blocks. Courrier du Savoir –N°02, Pp. 61-66, 2002.
Guillaud, H., Joffroy, T., Odul, P., EAG, C., Compressed Earth Blocks: Manual of Design and Construction, Volume II, Deutsches Zentrum, Entwicklungstechnologien. 1985. Harris, W., White, N., X-ray Diffraction Techniques for Soil Mineral Identification. Soil Science Society of America, 677 S. Segoe Road, Madison, WI 537, USA. 2007.
Houben, H. and Guillaud, H. Earth construction: a comprehensive guide, Earth Construction Series. Intermediate Technology Publications. 1994.
Houben, H., Rigassi, V., Garnier, P., Compressed Earth Blocks Production Equipment, CDI and CRATerre-EAG, Brussels. 1994.
Karathanasis, A.D., Soil Mineralogy, Land Use, Land Cover and Soil Sciences – Vol. VI, 2009.
Khamput, P., Suweero, K., Properties of Mortar Mixing with Medium Ammonia Concentrated Latex, 9th Eco-Energy and Materials Science and Engineering Symposium, Chiang Rai, Thailand. Pp 25-28, 2001.
Karunaratne, S. W., John, R. S., Piyadasa, K. A., Use of Natural Rubber Latex to Improve Seepage Resistance of Soils. Q. Jl. Rubb. Res. Inst. Ceylon 47-51, 1971.
Lemougna, P. N., Chinje-Melo, U. F., Kamseu, E., Tchamba, A. B., Laterite Based Stabilized Products for Sustainable Building Applications in Tropical Countries: Review and Prospects for the Case of Cameroon. Laterite Based Stabilized Products for Sustainable Building Applications in Tropical Countries: Review and Prospects for the Case of Cameroon, Minresi/Mipromalo, Yaounde. 2011.
Liu, X., Yu, W., Evaluating the Thermal Stability of High Performance Fibers by TGA. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 99:937944. doi:10.1002/app.22305, 2006.
Mabogunje, A., Welcome address at the Stakeholders Forum on Strategies for Enhancing Domestic Production of Building Materials for Mass Housing Development in Nigeria. Held at NICON Hilton Hotel, Abuja. 2003.
Marshal, I., Onyekachi, O., Funding Housing Deficit in Nigeria: A Review of the Efforts, Challenges and the Way Forward. International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 5, No. 13, 2014.
Mbumbia, L., de-Wilmarsa, A.M., Tirlocq. J., Performance Characteristics of Lateritic Soil Bricks Fired at Low Temperatures: A Case Study of Cameroon. Construct. Building Materials. 14, 121-131, 2000.
Middendorf, J., Properties and Methodology of Earth Structures GSD 6400: Energy and Environment, Michelle Addington. 2001.
Okwu, U. N., Eguavoen, O.I., Okore, I. k., Three Decades of Natural Rubber Production in Nigeria: Policies, Problems and Prospects. Global Academic Group. Pp 1-9, 2015.
Okunade E. A., Engineering Properties of lateritic Adobe Bricks for Local Building Construction and Recommendations for Practice. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2(9): 1455-1459, 2007.
Olotuah, A. O. and Aiwa, A. A., Housing the Urban Poor in Nigeria through Low-Cost Housing Schemes. International Journal of Physical and Human Geography Vol.1, No 3, pp.1-82013.
Omo-Ikerodah, E. E., Ehika, S.N., Egharevba, O., Yakub, W., Mokwunye, M.U.B., Orimoloye J. R., Exploitation Systems of Hevea Trees Amongst Smallholders in Nigeria. Researcher; 3(12):23-29]. (ISSN: 1553-9865), 2011.
Oware, B., Method for Analyzing Soil Samples for Mineral Composition using XRD. World Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya. 2014.
Oshike, E. E. (2015) Building with Earth in Nigeria: A Review of the Past and Present Efforts to enhance future Housing Developments. International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 4, No 1, 646 – 660, 2015.
Otoko, G. R., The Use of Laterites for Production of Soil-Cement Blocks. International Journal of Engineering and Technology Research Vol. 2, No. 4, Pp 1-11, 2014.
Pachco-Torgal, F., Jalali, S., Earth construction: Lessons from the past for future eco-efficient construction. Elsevier, Portugal. 2011
Raychaudhuri, S. P., (1980) The Occurrence, Distrihution, Classificationand Management of Laterite and Lateritic Soils. Ournée Georges Aubert. 1980.
Razia, B., Habib, A., Begum, H. A., Adobe Bricks Stabilized with Cement and Natural Rubber Latex. International Journal of Emerging Science and Engineering. (IJESE)ISSN: 2319–6378, Volume-2, 2014.
Rigassi, V., Compressed Earth Block, Manual of Production. Deutsches Zentrun Fur Entwicklungstechnologien, Germany,Vol. 1, 1995.
Riza, V. F., Abdul-Rahman I., Ahmad Zaidi A. A., Brief Review of Compressed Stabilized Earth Brick (CSEB). International Conference on Science and Social Research, Kuala Lumpur. 2010.
Rubber Chemistry, Matador Rubber s.r.o. 2007.
Schulze, D. G., Clay Minerals. Elsevier Ltd, West Lafayette, IN, USA. 2005.
Silveira, D., Varum H., Costa, A., Martins, T., Pereira, H., Almeida, J., Mechanical Properties of Adobe Bricks in Ancient Constructions. Researchgate Publications. 2012.
Skinner, F. G., The Cob Buildings of Devon. Devon Historic Building Trust, London. 1992.
Smith, E. W. (1982). Adobe Bricks in New Mexico: New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Circular 188, Pp 89, 1982.
Stajanča, M.,Eštoková, A., Environmental Impacts of Cement Production. Civil Engineering Faculty, Institute of Architectural Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Slovakia. 2012.
Struebur, J., Harns, V., Meyer, E., Carter, E., Maweza, E., Matshaya, M., An Energy Efficient House for under $3,000 Proceedings of the American Society for Engineering Education Annual Conference and Exposition,1106 – 1115, 2004.
Volkoff, B., Red and Lateritic Soils. Orstom, 72, route d'Aulnay-93143, Bondy, France. 1998.
Walker, P.J Strength and Erosion Characteristics of Earth Blocks and Earth Block Masonry, J. Mater. Civil Eng., 16(5): 497-506, 2004.
Widdowson, M., Laterite and Ferricrete. Geochemical Sediments and Landscapes, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, Pp 46-94,2007.
Zangato, E., Variantes architecturales des Tazunu du Nord-Ouest de la Republique Centrafricaine et evolution chrono-culturelle regionale. J. des Afri, Pp. 65, 125-143, 1995.
How to Cite
Abdulwahab, M., Akindahunsi, A., & Onabanjo, B. (1). Performance Of Natural Rubber Latex Stabilized Adobe Bricks. Ife Journal of Technology, 25(1), 45-49. Retrieved from http://ijt.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/ijt/article/view/137
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