A Study On The Optimization And Adsorption Capacity Of Activated Carbon Produced From Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Wastes
Keywords:
Activated carbon, Pyrolysis, Chemical Activation, Polyvinyl chloride, Optimization, AdsorptionAbstract
Activated carbon (AC) was prepared by the pyrolysis of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wastes. This was with a view to optimize and study its adsorption capacity through various activation processes. The optimization study was carried out using the central composite design of the response surface methodology (RSM). The effects of the reaction conditions: carbonization temperature (400 – 500 oC), concentration of chemical activating agents (0.50 – 2.00 M H2SO4 and KOH) and activation time (45 – 60 min) on the yield and other physicochemical properties were investigated. The study revealed that an optimum yield of 80 % was achieved at an average activation time of 48-50 min, and average temperature of 425-450 oC. Maximum adsorption capacity was obtained at optimized reaction conditions of 0.50 M, and 500 oC. However, the optimum time for both PVC-H2SO4 and PVC-KOH are 46.46 and 55.35 min respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis revealed the presence of oxygen-surface complexes such as the carbonyls and O-H groups on the surface of the AC which was due to chemical activation. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis shows the presence of pores and cave-type openings on the carbon surface sites, thus, confirming the porosity in the carbons. The adsorption data was found to perfectly fit the Freundlich model at an adsorbent dosage of 0.75 g/100 mL of adsorbate. Equilibrium was reached between 60 and 75 min. The kinetic studies showed that the pseudo-second-order model provides the best correlation for the dynamic behaviour for the sorption of inorganic ions onto AC with a kinetic rate constant of 0.0178 min-1 and correlation coefficient of 0.9988.
References
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Park, S. H., McClain, S.; Tian, Z. R., Suib, S. L., and Karwacki, C., “Surface and bulk measurements of metals deposited on activated carbon”. Chem Mat. 9: 176-183, 1997.
Prakash Kumar, B. G., Shivakamy, K., Miranda, L. R., and Velan M., “Preparation of steam activated carbon from rubberwood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis) and its adsorption kinetics”. J. Hazard. Mater. B136 (2): 922–929, 2006.
Qiao, W., Yoon, S.H., Korai, Y., Mochida, I., Inoue, S.I., Sakurai, T., and Shimohara, T., “Preparation of activated carbon fibers from polyvinyl chloride”. Carbon. 42(7):1327–1331, 2004
Radhika, M., and Palanivelu, K., “Adsorptive removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution by low cost adsorbent-Kinetics and isotherm analysis”. J. Hazard. Mater. 138 (B): 116–124, 2006.
Tan, I. A. W, Hameed, B. H., and Ahmad, A.L., “Equilibrium and kinetic studies on basic dye adsorption by oil palmfibre activated carbon”. Chem. Eng. J. 127: 111–119, 2007.
Wang, S. L, Tzou, Y. M., Lu, Y. H., and Sheng, G., “Removal of 3-chlorophenol from water using rice-straw-based carbon”. J. Hazard. Mater. 147:313–318, 2007.
Zongxuan J., You, L., Xiuping, Sun., Fuping, T., Fuxia, S., Changhai, L., Wansheng, Y. Chongren. H., and Can, L., “Activated carbon chemically modified by concentrated H2SO4 for the adsorption of pollutant from Wastewater and the dibenzothiophene from fuel oils”. Langmiur, 19: 731-736, 2003.
Adibfar, M., Kaghazchi, T., Asasian, N., and Soleimani, M., “Conversion of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Waste into Activated Carbon: Chemical Activation and Characterization”. Chemical Engineering Technoogy, 37(6):979–986, 2014.
Aji, M.M., Gutti, B., and Highina, B. K., “Production and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Groundnut Shell Sourced in Maiduguri”. Columbia J. Life Sci. 17(1): 18-24, 2015.
Al-Qodah, Z. and Shawabkah, R. “Production and Characterization of Granular Activated Carbon from Activated Sludge”. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 26(1): 127 – 136, 2009.
AlOthman, Z. A., Habila, M.A., and Ali, R., “Preparation of Activated Carbon Using the Copyrolysis of Agricultural and Municipal Solid Wastes at a Low Carbonization Temperature”, International Conference on Biology, Environment and Chemistry IPCBEE vol.24 IACSIT Press, Singapoore, (2011).
Anirudhan, T. S. and Ramachandran, M., “Removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from water and petroleum refinery industry effluents by surfactant-modified bentonite”. Journal of water process engineering, 1: 46-53, 2014.
ASTM D2867-09. (Standard Test Method for Determination of Moisture Content in Activated Carbon
ASTM D4607-14. (Standard Test Method for Determination of Iodine Number of Activated Carbon)
Attia, A. A., Rashwan, W. E., and Khedr, S. A., “Capacity of activated carbon in the removal of acid dyes subsequent to its thermal treatment”. Dyes and Pigments. 69:128-136, 2006.
Baker, F. S., Miller, C. E., Repic, A. J. and Tolles, E.D., “Activated carbon. Kirk-Othmer Encycolpedia of Chemical Technology”. 4: 1015-1037, 1992.
Bansode, R. R., Losso, J.N., Marshall, W.E., Rao, R.M., and Portier, R.J., “Adsorption Of Volatile Organic Compounds by Pecan Shell and Almond Shell Based Granular Activated Carbons”. Bioresource Technology. 90: 175-184, 2003.
Basar, C. A., “Applicability of the various adsorption models of three dyes adsorption onto activated carbon prepared waste apricot”. J. Hazard. Mater. B135: 232–241, 2006.
Betiku, E. and Adepoju, T. F., “Methanolysis optimization of beniseed (Sesamum indicum) oil to biodiesel and fuel quality characterization”. International Journal of Energy Environmental Engineering, 4: 9-16, 2013.
Buasri, A., Chaiyut, N., Loryuenyong, V., Phakdeepataraphan, E.; Watpathomsub, S., and Kunakemakorn V., “Synthesis of Activated Carbon Using Agricultural Wastes from Biodiesel Production. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Chemical, Molecular, Nuclear, Materials and Metallurgical Engineering”. 7(1), 2013.
Cunliffe, A.M., and Williams, P. T., “Influence of process conditions on the rate of activation of chars derived from pyrolysis of used tyres”. Energy & Fuels. 13(1): 166–175, 1999.
Dada, A. O., Olalekan, A. P., Olatunji, A. M. and Dada, O., “Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm studies of equilibrium sorption of Zinc ion unto phosphoric acid modified rice husk”. Journal of Applied Chemistry. 3: 41-42, 2012.
Diao, Y., Walawender, W. P., and Fan, L. T., “Activated Carbons prepared from Phosphoric Acid Activation of Grain Sorghum”. Bioresource Technology. 81(1): 45-56, 2002.
Girgis, B.S., Yunis, S.S., and Soliman, A.M., “Characteristics of activated carbon from peanut hulls in relation to conditions of preparation”. Materials Letters, 57(1): 164-172,2002.
Gonsalvesh, L., Marinov, S. P., Gryglewicz, G., Carleer, R., and Yperman, J., “Preparation, characterization and application of polystyrene based activated carbons for Ni(II) removal from aqueous solution Fuel Processing Technology”. 149: 75–85, 2016.
Hameed, B. H., Ahmad, A. L., and Latiff, K. N. A., “Adsorption of basic dye (methylene blue) onto activated carbon prepared from rattan sawdust”. Dyes Pigments, 75:143–149, 2007.
Ho, Y., “Review of second-order models for adsorption systems”. Journals of Hazardous materials, 4: 136-681, 2006.
Inamullah, B., Khadija, Q., Kazi, R. A., and Abdul, K. A., “Preparation and characterisation of chemically activated almond shells by optimization of adsorption parameters for removal of chromium (vi) from aqueous solutions”. World Academy of Science, Eng. Technol. 34: 199-204, 2008.
La´szlo´, K., Bota, A., and Dekany, I., “Effect of heat treatment on synthetic carbon precursors”. Carbon. 41(6):1205–1214, 2003.
Legrouri K., Khouya E., Ezzine M., Hannache H., Denoyel R., Pallier R., and Naslain R., “Production of activated carbon from a new precursor molasses by activation with sulphuric acid”. J. Hazard. Mater. 118 (B): 259–263, 2005.
Lian, F., Xing, B., and Zhu, L., “Comparative study on composition, structure, and adsorption behavior of activated carbons derived from different synthetic waste polymers”. J Colloid Interface Sci 360 (2):725–730, 2011.
Lua, A. C., and Yang, T., “Characteristics of activated carbon prepared from pistachio-nut shell by zinc chloride activation under nitrogen ad vacuum conditions”. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. 290: 505-513, 2005.
Marsh, H., and Rodríguez-Reinoso, F., “Activated Carbon: Materials & Mechanical”. Elsevier Science Ltd. 1: 544 -554, 2006a.
Marsh, H. and Rodríguez-Reinoso, F., “Activation Processes (Thermal or Physical), in Activated Carbon”. Elsevier Science Ltd: Oxford. 243-321, 2006b.
Mendez, M. O. A., Lisboa, A. C. L., Coutinhoand, A. R., and Otani, C., “Activated Petroleum Coke for natural gas storage”. J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 17(6): 1144-1150, 2006.
Misra, A., Tyagi, P. K., Singh, M. K., and Misra, D. S., “FTIR studies of nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes.Diamond and Related Materials”, In Press,Corrected Proof, 2005.
Onal, Y., C. Akmil-Basar, C., Sarıcı, O., and Erdogan S., “Textural development of sugar beet bagasse activated with ZnCl2”. J. Hazard. Mater. 142: 138–143, 2007.
Paraskeva, P., Kalderis, D., and Diamadopoulos, E., “Production of activated carbon from agricultural by-products”. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 83(5): p. 581-592, 2008.
Park, S. H., McClain, S.; Tian, Z. R., Suib, S. L., and Karwacki, C., “Surface and bulk measurements of metals deposited on activated carbon”. Chem Mat. 9: 176-183, 1997.
Prakash Kumar, B. G., Shivakamy, K., Miranda, L. R., and Velan M., “Preparation of steam activated carbon from rubberwood sawdust (Hevea brasiliensis) and its adsorption kinetics”. J. Hazard. Mater. B136 (2): 922–929, 2006.
Qiao, W., Yoon, S.H., Korai, Y., Mochida, I., Inoue, S.I., Sakurai, T., and Shimohara, T., “Preparation of activated carbon fibers from polyvinyl chloride”. Carbon. 42(7):1327–1331, 2004
Radhika, M., and Palanivelu, K., “Adsorptive removal of chlorophenols from aqueous solution by low cost adsorbent-Kinetics and isotherm analysis”. J. Hazard. Mater. 138 (B): 116–124, 2006.
Tan, I. A. W, Hameed, B. H., and Ahmad, A.L., “Equilibrium and kinetic studies on basic dye adsorption by oil palmfibre activated carbon”. Chem. Eng. J. 127: 111–119, 2007.
Wang, S. L, Tzou, Y. M., Lu, Y. H., and Sheng, G., “Removal of 3-chlorophenol from water using rice-straw-based carbon”. J. Hazard. Mater. 147:313–318, 2007.
Zongxuan J., You, L., Xiuping, Sun., Fuping, T., Fuxia, S., Changhai, L., Wansheng, Y. Chongren. H., and Can, L., “Activated carbon chemically modified by concentrated H2SO4 for the adsorption of pollutant from Wastewater and the dibenzothiophene from fuel oils”. Langmiur, 19: 731-736, 2003.
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2019-11-01
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Alabi-Babalola, O., Aransiola, E., & Shittu, T. (2019). A Study On The Optimization And Adsorption Capacity Of Activated Carbon Produced From Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Wastes. Ife Journal of Technology, 26(1), 34–46. Retrieved from http://ijt.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/ijt/article/view/145
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