Evaluation Of An Electrochemical Method Of Coagulation For Surface Water Treatment
Keywords:
Chemical coagulation, conductivity, electrochemical method, filtration, monopolar electrodes, stainless steelAbstract
An electrochemical reactor was developed for the treatment of raw surface water. The reactor was made up of three stainless steel cathodes interspersed with two aluminium anodes connected in parallel using a monopolar configuration. Treatment performance was assessed in terms of changes in turbidity, pH, electrical conductivity, chloride and sulphate ions, and operational cost. For the purpose of comparison, the raw water was chemically coagulated with alum and performance evaluated. The water coagulated with alum was found to be acidic and had higher levels of turbidity, sulphate and chloride ions and conductivity than the water obtained from the electrochemical method. In term of the operational cost, the electrochemical technique was found to be much cheaper than chemical coagulation with alum. It was concluded from the overall results that the electrochemical technique performed better than the chemical coagulation method.
References
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Avsar, Y., Kurt, U. and Gonullu, T.. “Comparison of classical chemical and electrochemical processes for treating rose processing wastewater”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.02.048. 2007.
Barrera-Diaz, C., Bilyeu, B., Roa-Morales, G. and Balderas-Hernandez, P. “A comparison of iron and aluminium electrodes in hydrogen peroxide-assisted electrocoagulation of organic pollutants”. Environmental Engineering Science, 25(4):529-537, 2008.
Bayramoglu, M., Eyvaz, M. and Kobya, M. “Treatment of the textil wastewater by electrocoagulation – Economic evaluation”. Chemical Engineering Journal, 128:155-161, 2007.
Bayramoglu, M., Kobya, M., Eyvaz, M. and Senturk, E. “Technical and economic analysis of electrocoagulation for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater”. Separation and Purification Technology, 51:404-408, 2006.
Bayramoglu, M., Kobya, M., Can, O.T. and Sozbir, M. “Operating cost analysis of electrocoagulation of textile dye wastewater”. Separation and Purification Technology, 37(2):117-125, 2004.
Can, O.T., Kobya, M., Demirbas, E. and Bayramoglu, M. “Treatment of the textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation”. Chemosphere 62:181-187, 2006.
Chen, G. “Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment”. Separation and Purification Technology, 38(1):11-41, 2004.
Daneshvar, N., Khataee, A.R., Ghadim, A. and Rasoulifard, M.H. “Decolorization of C.I. Yellow 23 solution by electrocoagulation process: Investigation of operational parameters and evaluation of specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC)”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, doi:10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2007.03.028. 2007.
Daneshvar, N., Oladegaragoze, A. and Djafarzadeh, N. “Decolorization of basic dye solutions by electrocoagulation: An investigation of the effect of operational parameters”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B129:116-122, 2006.
Daneshvar, N., Sorkhabi, H.A. and Kasiri, M.B. “Decolorization of dye solution containing Acid Red 14 by electrocoagulation with a comparative investigation of different electrode connections”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B112:55-62, 2004.
Davis, M.L. and Cornwell, D.A. “Introduction to environmental engineering”. 3rd ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, 1998.
Edwards, F.G., Fendley, D.L. and Lunsford, J.V. “Electrolytic treatment of an industrial wastewater from a hosiery plant”. Water Environment Research, 78(4):435-441, 2006.
El-Masry, M.H., Sadek, O.M. and Mekhemer, W.K. “Purification of raw surface water using electro-coagulation method”. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 158:373-385, 2004.
Fellows, W., Habila, O.N., Kida, H.M., Metibaiye, J., Mbonu, M.C. and Duret, M. “Reforming the Nigerian water and sanitation sector”. Proceedings of the 29th WEDC International Conference, Abuja, Nigeria. Pp. 144-147, 2003.
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Ge, J., Qu, J., Lei, P. and Liu, H. “New bipolar electrocoagulation-electro-flotation process for the treatment of laundry wastewater”. Separation and Purification Technology, 36:33-39, 2004.
Golder, A.K., Hridaya, N, Samanta, A.N. and Ray, S. “Electrocoagulation of methylene blue and eosin yellowish using mild steel electrodes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B127:134-140, 2005.
Gürses, A., Yalçin, M. and Dogar, C. “Electrocoagulation of some reactive dyes: A statistical investigation of some electrochemical variables”. Waste Management, 22(5):491-499, 2002.
Hammer, M.J. and Hammer, M.J., Jr. “Water and wastewater technology”. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1996.
Holt, P.K., Barton, G.W. and Mitchell, C.A. “Electrocoagulation as a wastewater treatment”. The Third Annual Australian Environmental Engineering Research, M: 41-46, 1999.
Holt, P.K., Barton, G.W. and Mitchell, C.A. “The role of current in determining pollutant removal in batch electrocoagulation”. 6th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne, 2001.
Holt, P.K., Barton, G.W., Wark, M. and Mitchell, C.A. “A quantitative comparison between chemical dosing and electrocoagulation”. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 211( 2-3): 233-248, 2002.
Holt, P.K., Barton, G.W. and Mitchell, C.A. “The future for electrocoagulation as a localized water treatment technology”. Chemosphere, 59: 355–367, 2005.
Hu, C.Y., Lo, S.L., Kuan, W.H. and Lee, Y.D. “Removal of fluoride from semiconductor wastewater by electrocoagulation–flotation”. Water Research, 39(5):895-901, 2005.
Jiang, J.Q., Graham, N.J.D., André, C.M., Kelsall, G.H. and Brandon, N.P. “Laboratory study of electro-coagulation-flotation for water treatment”. Water Research, 36:4068-4082, 2002a.
Jiang, J.Q., Graham, N.J.D., André, C.M., Kelsall, G.H., Brandon, N.P. and Chipps, M.J. “Comparative performance of an electrocoagulation/flotation system with chemical coagulation/dissolved air flotation: a pilot-scale trial”. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2:289–297, 2002b.
Khoufi, S., Feki, F. and Sayadi, S. “Detoxification of olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation and sedimentation processes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials 142:58-67, 2007.
Kobya, M., Senturk, E. and Bayramoglu, M. “Treatment of poultry slaughter-house wastewaters by electrocoagulation”. Journal of Hazardous Materials B133:172-176, 2006.
Kobya, M., Can, O.T. and Bayramoglu, M. “Treatment of textile wastewaters by electrocoagulation using iron and aluminium electrodes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials B100:163-178, 2003.
Mameri, N., Yeddou, A.R., Lounici, H., Belhocine, D., Grib, H. and Bariou, B.
“Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of North Africa by electro-coagulation process using bipolar aluminium electrodes”. Water Research, 32:1604-1612, 1998.
Matteson, M.J., Dobson, R.L., Glenn, R.W., Jr., Kukunoor, N.S., Waits, W.H., III and
Clayfield, E.J. “Electrocoagulation and separation of aqueous
suspensions of ultrafine particles”. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 104(1):101-109, 1995.
Mills, D. “A new process of electrocoagulation”. Journal AWWA, 92(6):34-43, 2000.
Mollah, M.Y.A., Morkovsky, P., Gomes, J.A.G., Kesmez, M., Parga, J. and Cocke, D.L. “Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 114(1-3):199-210, 2004.
Mollah, M.Y.A., Schennach, R., Parga, J.R. and Cocke, D.L. “Electro-
coagulation (EC) — science and applications”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 84(1):29-41, 2001.
Ogedengbe, M.O. “Characterisation and specification of local sands for filters”. Filtration and Separation, Sept./Oct., pp. 331-333, 1984.
Ogedengbe, M.O. “Nigeria’s water-supply nightmare”. Inaugural Lecture Series
No. 117, Obafemi Awolowo University Press Limited, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 1997.
Ojo, O.E., Oladepo, K.T., Adewumi, I.K., Oke, I.A. and Ogedengbe, M.O.
“Characterisation of water supply in Osun State of Nigeria”. Ife Journal of Technology, 15(1):27-37, 2006.
Ojo, O. “A Study of rural water supply demand situation in South west Nigeria”. In: Water Resources Management VI, Brebbia, C.A. and Popov, V.(eds), WIT Transctions on Ecology and the Environment, WIT Press. www.wirpress.com, 2011.
Oke, I.A. “Development and performance-testing of an electrochemical treatment process for selected industrial wastewaters”. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 2007.
Oke , I.A., “Utilization of 2k factorial experiments for the determination of factors that influence electrochemical process”. Ife Journal of Technology, 19(2):48-54, 2010.
Oladepo, K.T. “Development of an electrochemical method of coagulation for water treatment”. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 2009.
Picard, T., Cathaliffaud-Feullade, G., Mazet, M. and Vandensteendam, C.
“Cathodic dissolution in the electrocoagulation process using aluminium electrodes”. J. Environ. Monit. 2: 77-80, 1999.
Pouet, M.-F. and Grasmick, A. “Urban wastewater treatment by electro-coagulation and flotation”. Wat. Sci. Tech. 31:275-283, 1995.
Robinson, V. (2001). “The treatment of storm water runoff from building sites - Some case studies”. http://www.electropure.com.au/techinfo/Stormwaterworkshop.html#top 10 March 2007.
Sengil, I.A. and Ozacar, M. “Treatment of dairy wastewaters by electro-
Coagulation using mild steel electrodes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials B137:1197-1205, 2006.
Shen, F., Chen, X., Gao, P. and Chen, G. “Electrochemical removal of fluoride ions from industrial wastewater”. Chemical Engineering Science, 58(3-6):987-993, 2003
Szpyrkowicz, L., Naumczyk, J. and Zilio-Grandi, F. “Electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater using Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt/Ir electrodes”. Water Research, 29(2):517-524, 1995.
Ugurlu, M. “The removal of some inorganic compounds from paper mill effluents by the electrocoagulation method”. G.U. Journal of Science, 17:85-99, 2004.
UNICEF ” Information Sheet-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Nigeria”. United Nations Children Fund, Nigeria Country Programme, 2007.
Vik, E.A., Carlson, D.A., Eikum, A.S. and Gjessing, E.T. “Electrocoagulation of potable water”. Water Research, 18(11):1355-1360, 1984.
Yilmaz, A.E., Boncukcuoglu, R., Kocakerim, M.M. and Keskinler, B. “The investigation of parameters affecting boron removal by electrocoagulation method”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B125:160-165, 2005.
Avsar, Y., Kurt, U. and Gonullu, T.. “Comparison of classical chemical and electrochemical processes for treating rose processing wastewater”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.02.048. 2007.
Barrera-Diaz, C., Bilyeu, B., Roa-Morales, G. and Balderas-Hernandez, P. “A comparison of iron and aluminium electrodes in hydrogen peroxide-assisted electrocoagulation of organic pollutants”. Environmental Engineering Science, 25(4):529-537, 2008.
Bayramoglu, M., Eyvaz, M. and Kobya, M. “Treatment of the textil wastewater by electrocoagulation – Economic evaluation”. Chemical Engineering Journal, 128:155-161, 2007.
Bayramoglu, M., Kobya, M., Eyvaz, M. and Senturk, E. “Technical and economic analysis of electrocoagulation for the treatment of poultry slaughterhouse wastewater”. Separation and Purification Technology, 51:404-408, 2006.
Bayramoglu, M., Kobya, M., Can, O.T. and Sozbir, M. “Operating cost analysis of electrocoagulation of textile dye wastewater”. Separation and Purification Technology, 37(2):117-125, 2004.
Can, O.T., Kobya, M., Demirbas, E. and Bayramoglu, M. “Treatment of the textile wastewater by combined electrocoagulation”. Chemosphere 62:181-187, 2006.
Chen, G. “Electrochemical technologies in wastewater treatment”. Separation and Purification Technology, 38(1):11-41, 2004.
Daneshvar, N., Khataee, A.R., Ghadim, A. and Rasoulifard, M.H. “Decolorization of C.I. Yellow 23 solution by electrocoagulation process: Investigation of operational parameters and evaluation of specific electrical energy consumption (SEEC)”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, doi:10.1016/ j.jhazmat.2007.03.028. 2007.
Daneshvar, N., Oladegaragoze, A. and Djafarzadeh, N. “Decolorization of basic dye solutions by electrocoagulation: An investigation of the effect of operational parameters”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B129:116-122, 2006.
Daneshvar, N., Sorkhabi, H.A. and Kasiri, M.B. “Decolorization of dye solution containing Acid Red 14 by electrocoagulation with a comparative investigation of different electrode connections”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B112:55-62, 2004.
Davis, M.L. and Cornwell, D.A. “Introduction to environmental engineering”. 3rd ed. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, 1998.
Edwards, F.G., Fendley, D.L. and Lunsford, J.V. “Electrolytic treatment of an industrial wastewater from a hosiery plant”. Water Environment Research, 78(4):435-441, 2006.
El-Masry, M.H., Sadek, O.M. and Mekhemer, W.K. “Purification of raw surface water using electro-coagulation method”. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 158:373-385, 2004.
Fellows, W., Habila, O.N., Kida, H.M., Metibaiye, J., Mbonu, M.C. and Duret, M. “Reforming the Nigerian water and sanitation sector”. Proceedings of the 29th WEDC International Conference, Abuja, Nigeria. Pp. 144-147, 2003.
FMWR. “National Policy on Water Supply and Sanitation”, Federal Ministry of Water Resources, Abuja.
Ge, J., Qu, J., Lei, P. and Liu, H. “New bipolar electrocoagulation-electro-flotation process for the treatment of laundry wastewater”. Separation and Purification Technology, 36:33-39, 2004.
Golder, A.K., Hridaya, N, Samanta, A.N. and Ray, S. “Electrocoagulation of methylene blue and eosin yellowish using mild steel electrodes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B127:134-140, 2005.
Gürses, A., Yalçin, M. and Dogar, C. “Electrocoagulation of some reactive dyes: A statistical investigation of some electrochemical variables”. Waste Management, 22(5):491-499, 2002.
Hammer, M.J. and Hammer, M.J., Jr. “Water and wastewater technology”. 3rd ed. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1996.
Holt, P.K., Barton, G.W. and Mitchell, C.A. “Electrocoagulation as a wastewater treatment”. The Third Annual Australian Environmental Engineering Research, M: 41-46, 1999.
Holt, P.K., Barton, G.W. and Mitchell, C.A. “The role of current in determining pollutant removal in batch electrocoagulation”. 6th World Congress of Chemical Engineering, Melbourne, 2001.
Holt, P.K., Barton, G.W., Wark, M. and Mitchell, C.A. “A quantitative comparison between chemical dosing and electrocoagulation”. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 211( 2-3): 233-248, 2002.
Holt, P.K., Barton, G.W. and Mitchell, C.A. “The future for electrocoagulation as a localized water treatment technology”. Chemosphere, 59: 355–367, 2005.
Hu, C.Y., Lo, S.L., Kuan, W.H. and Lee, Y.D. “Removal of fluoride from semiconductor wastewater by electrocoagulation–flotation”. Water Research, 39(5):895-901, 2005.
Jiang, J.Q., Graham, N.J.D., André, C.M., Kelsall, G.H. and Brandon, N.P. “Laboratory study of electro-coagulation-flotation for water treatment”. Water Research, 36:4068-4082, 2002a.
Jiang, J.Q., Graham, N.J.D., André, C.M., Kelsall, G.H., Brandon, N.P. and Chipps, M.J. “Comparative performance of an electrocoagulation/flotation system with chemical coagulation/dissolved air flotation: a pilot-scale trial”. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply, 2:289–297, 2002b.
Khoufi, S., Feki, F. and Sayadi, S. “Detoxification of olive mill wastewater by electrocoagulation and sedimentation processes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials 142:58-67, 2007.
Kobya, M., Senturk, E. and Bayramoglu, M. “Treatment of poultry slaughter-house wastewaters by electrocoagulation”. Journal of Hazardous Materials B133:172-176, 2006.
Kobya, M., Can, O.T. and Bayramoglu, M. “Treatment of textile wastewaters by electrocoagulation using iron and aluminium electrodes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials B100:163-178, 2003.
Mameri, N., Yeddou, A.R., Lounici, H., Belhocine, D., Grib, H. and Bariou, B.
“Defluoridation of septentrional Sahara water of North Africa by electro-coagulation process using bipolar aluminium electrodes”. Water Research, 32:1604-1612, 1998.
Matteson, M.J., Dobson, R.L., Glenn, R.W., Jr., Kukunoor, N.S., Waits, W.H., III and
Clayfield, E.J. “Electrocoagulation and separation of aqueous
suspensions of ultrafine particles”. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 104(1):101-109, 1995.
Mills, D. “A new process of electrocoagulation”. Journal AWWA, 92(6):34-43, 2000.
Mollah, M.Y.A., Morkovsky, P., Gomes, J.A.G., Kesmez, M., Parga, J. and Cocke, D.L. “Fundamentals, present and future perspectives of electrocoagulation”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 114(1-3):199-210, 2004.
Mollah, M.Y.A., Schennach, R., Parga, J.R. and Cocke, D.L. “Electro-
coagulation (EC) — science and applications”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 84(1):29-41, 2001.
Ogedengbe, M.O. “Characterisation and specification of local sands for filters”. Filtration and Separation, Sept./Oct., pp. 331-333, 1984.
Ogedengbe, M.O. “Nigeria’s water-supply nightmare”. Inaugural Lecture Series
No. 117, Obafemi Awolowo University Press Limited, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, 1997.
Ojo, O.E., Oladepo, K.T., Adewumi, I.K., Oke, I.A. and Ogedengbe, M.O.
“Characterisation of water supply in Osun State of Nigeria”. Ife Journal of Technology, 15(1):27-37, 2006.
Ojo, O. “A Study of rural water supply demand situation in South west Nigeria”. In: Water Resources Management VI, Brebbia, C.A. and Popov, V.(eds), WIT Transctions on Ecology and the Environment, WIT Press. www.wirpress.com, 2011.
Oke, I.A. “Development and performance-testing of an electrochemical treatment process for selected industrial wastewaters”. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 2007.
Oke , I.A., “Utilization of 2k factorial experiments for the determination of factors that influence electrochemical process”. Ife Journal of Technology, 19(2):48-54, 2010.
Oladepo, K.T. “Development of an electrochemical method of coagulation for water treatment”. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, 2009.
Picard, T., Cathaliffaud-Feullade, G., Mazet, M. and Vandensteendam, C.
“Cathodic dissolution in the electrocoagulation process using aluminium electrodes”. J. Environ. Monit. 2: 77-80, 1999.
Pouet, M.-F. and Grasmick, A. “Urban wastewater treatment by electro-coagulation and flotation”. Wat. Sci. Tech. 31:275-283, 1995.
Robinson, V. (2001). “The treatment of storm water runoff from building sites - Some case studies”. http://www.electropure.com.au/techinfo/Stormwaterworkshop.html#top 10 March 2007.
Sengil, I.A. and Ozacar, M. “Treatment of dairy wastewaters by electro-
Coagulation using mild steel electrodes”. Journal of Hazardous Materials B137:1197-1205, 2006.
Shen, F., Chen, X., Gao, P. and Chen, G. “Electrochemical removal of fluoride ions from industrial wastewater”. Chemical Engineering Science, 58(3-6):987-993, 2003
Szpyrkowicz, L., Naumczyk, J. and Zilio-Grandi, F. “Electrochemical treatment of tannery wastewater using Ti/Pt and Ti/Pt/Ir electrodes”. Water Research, 29(2):517-524, 1995.
Ugurlu, M. “The removal of some inorganic compounds from paper mill effluents by the electrocoagulation method”. G.U. Journal of Science, 17:85-99, 2004.
UNICEF ” Information Sheet-Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Nigeria”. United Nations Children Fund, Nigeria Country Programme, 2007.
Vik, E.A., Carlson, D.A., Eikum, A.S. and Gjessing, E.T. “Electrocoagulation of potable water”. Water Research, 18(11):1355-1360, 1984.
Yilmaz, A.E., Boncukcuoglu, R., Kocakerim, M.M. and Keskinler, B. “The investigation of parameters affecting boron removal by electrocoagulation method”. Journal of Hazardous Materials, B125:160-165, 2005.
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2011-11-01
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Oladepo, K., Oke, I., & Ogedengbe, M. (2011). Evaluation Of An Electrochemical Method Of Coagulation For Surface Water Treatment. Ife Journal of Technology, 20(2), 81–88. Retrieved from https://ijt.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/ijt/article/view/97
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