Optimization Of Breadfruit Hydrolysate Medium For Gluconic Acid Production By Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus niger
Keywords:
Breadfruit, hydrolysis, gluconic acid, Aspergillus niger, fermentation
Abstract
Medium composition optimization for the growth of the Aspergillus niger on breadfruit starch hydrolysate and its gluconic acid production ability was carried out at shake flask level using Graeco-Latin square design method. The effect of carbon concentration, nitrogen source and pH were evaluated. From the experiments, results of medium (M8) with 100g/l of breadfruit hydrolysate, urea as the nitrogen source and pH value of 5.5 was found to be the optimum medium. The gluconic acid concentration obtained from this medium was 97.20 g/l, which gave the highest conversion of breadfruit starch hydrolysate to gluconic acid (97%). The results indicated that pH value of 5.5 favours the production of gluconic acid better than pH of 4.5 and 6.5. The nitrogen source of L-glutamic acid and urea encouraged more accumulation of biomass concentration compared to ammonium sulphate. Kinetic studies of data obtained for medium M8 gave Pt of 97.20 g l-1 (Y׳ps of 0.960 g g-1 and 90%Yacid), Q of 0.024 g g-1 d-1, Qp of 25.01 g l-1 d-1, Qs of 27.41 g g-1 d-1 and Y׳xs of 0.375 (µ of 0.11 h-1). This study showed that the cheap crop – breadfruit can be used as the sole carbon source for gluconic acid production. The results obtained can be scaled up for a pilot or industrial scale plant.
References
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Rao, S. and Panda, T., Comparative analysis of calcium gluconate and sodium gluconate techniques for the production of gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger, Bioprocess Engineering, 8: 203–207, 1993.
Rao, S. and Panda, T., Critical analysis of the metal ions on gluconic acid production by Aspergillus niger using a treated Indian cane molasses, Bioprocess. Engineering, 10: 99–107, 1994.
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Sankpal, N.V. and Kulkarni, B.D., Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Gluconic Acid Production using Aspergillus niger Immobilized on Cellulose Microfibrils. Process Biochemistry, 37:1343-1350, 2002.
Shah, D.N. and Kotharis, R.M., Fermentative Production of Injectable-grade Calcium Gluconate, Biotechnology Programme, 7: 67–69, 1991.
Singh, O.V., Jain, R.K. and Singh, R.P., Gluconic Acid Production under Varying Fermentation Conditions by Aspergillus niger. J Chem Tech Biotechnol, 78: 208–212, 2003.
Singh, O.V., Kapur, N. and Singh, R.P., Evaluation of agro-food by-products for gluconic acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger ORS-4Æ410. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 21: 519–524, 2005.
Singh, O.V. and Singh, R.P., Bioconversion of Grape Must into Modulated Gluconic Acid Production by Aspergillus niger ORS-4.410, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 1114-1122, 2006.
Solomon, B.O., Layokun, S.K., Idowu A.O. and Ilori, M.O. Prospects for the utilization of the endogenous enzymes in sorghum malt in the hydrolysis of starch: case study with utilization of breadfruit starch for ethanol production. Food Biotechnology, 8: 243 – 255, 1994.
Vassilev, N.B., Vassileva M.C. and Spassova, D.I., Production of gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger immobilized on a polyurethane foam, Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 39: 285–288, 1993.
Weir, C., Fruit Tree Crop Production in the Caribbean Region (Caribbean Development Bank, Barbados, 1982), 1982.
Znad, H., Markos, J. and Bales, V., Production of Gluconic Acid from Glucose by Aspergillus niger: Growth and Non growth Conditions, Process Biochem., 39: 1341–1345, 2004.
Bao, J., Furumoto, K., Fukunaga, K. and Nakao, K., A Kinetic Study on Air Oxidation of Glucose Catalyzed by Immobilized Glucose Oxidase for Production of Calcium Gluconate. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 8: 91–102, 2001.
Betiku, E. and Ajala, E.O., Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Breadfruit Starch: Case Study with Utilisation for Gluconic Acid Production. Ife Journal of Technology, 19(1): 10-14, 2010.
Das, A. and Kundu, P.N., Microbial Production of Gluconic Acid. Journal of Science and Industrial Research, 46: 307–331, 1987.
Dirkx, J.M.H. and van der Baan, H.S., The Oxidation of Glucose with Platinum on Carbon as Catalyst. Journal of Catalysis, 67: 1–13, 1981.
Doran, P.M., Bioprocess Engineering Principles. Academic Press, Harcourt Brace and Company, Publishers, London. pp. 259-291, 1994.
Hustede, H., Haberstroh, H.J. and Schinzig, E., Gluconic Acid. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim, A (12): 449-456, 1989.
Ikeda, Y., Park, E.Y. and Okuda, N., Bioconversion of Waste Office Paper to Gluconic Acid in a Turbine Blade Reactor by the Filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger, Bioresource Technology, 97: 1030–1035, 2006.
Laane, C., Pronk, W. Franssen, M. and Veeger, C., Use of Bioelectrochemical Cell for Synthesis of (Bio)chemicals. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 6(4): 165-168, 1984.
Liu, J., Weng, L., Zhang, Q., Xu, H. and Ji, L., A Mathematical Model for Gluconic Acid Fermentation by Aspergillus niger. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 14: 137–141, 2003.
Magnuson, J. and Lasure, L, Organic Acid Production by filamentous fungi. In: Kacz, J. and Lange, L. (Eds.), Advances in Fungal Biotechnology for Industry, Agriculture and Medicine, Kluwer Academic & Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 307 – 340, 2004.
Miller, G.L., Use of Dinitro-salicyclic Acid Reagent for the Determination of Reducing Sugar. Analytical Chemistry, 31: 426-428, 1959.
Mukhopadhyay, R., Chatterjee, S., Chatterjee, B.P., Banerjee, P.C. and Guha, A.K., Production of gluconic acid from whey by free and immobilized Aspergillus niger, International Dairy Journal, 15: 299–303, 2005.
Olatunji, O. and Akinrele, A.I., Comparative Rheological Properties and Bread Qualities of Wheat Flour Diluted with Tropical Tuber and Breadfruit Flours. Cereal Chem, 55: 1-6, 1978.
Omobuwajo, T.O. and Wilcox, B.F., Microbes Associated with Field Spoilage of Breadfruit. Lebensm.-Wiss.-u.-Technol., 22: 175-178, 1989.
Ramachandran, S., Fontanille, P., Pandey, A. and Larroche, C., Gluconic Acid: Properties, Applications and Microbial Production, Journal of Food Technology, Biotechnology, 44 (2): 185-195, 2006.
Rao, S. and Panda, T., Comparative analysis of calcium gluconate and sodium gluconate techniques for the production of gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger, Bioprocess Engineering, 8: 203–207, 1993.
Rao, S. and Panda, T., Critical analysis of the metal ions on gluconic acid production by Aspergillus niger using a treated Indian cane molasses, Bioprocess. Engineering, 10: 99–107, 1994.
Röhr, M., Kubicek C.P. and Kominek, J., Gluconic Acid. In: Rehm, H.J., Reed, G. (Eds.), Biotechnology, Vol. 3, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, pp. 455–465, 1983.
Röhr, M., Kubicek C.P. and Kominek, J., Gluconic acid. In: Rehm HJ, Reed G, editors. Biotechnology 6. USA: VCH Publishers, pp. 347-362, 1996.
Roukas, T., Citric Acid, Gluconic Acid Production from Fig by Aspergillus niger Using Solid-State Fermentation. Journal of Industrial Microbiology Biotechnology, 25: 298–304, 2000.
Sakurai, H., Lee, H.W., Sato, S., Mukataka, S. and Takahashi, J., Gluconic Acid Production at High Concentration by Aspergillus niger Immobilized on a Nonwoven Fabric. J. Ferment. Bioeng., 67(6): 404-408, 1989.
Sankpal, N.V. and Kulkarni, B.D., Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for Gluconic Acid Production using Aspergillus niger Immobilized on Cellulose Microfibrils. Process Biochemistry, 37:1343-1350, 2002.
Shah, D.N. and Kotharis, R.M., Fermentative Production of Injectable-grade Calcium Gluconate, Biotechnology Programme, 7: 67–69, 1991.
Singh, O.V., Jain, R.K. and Singh, R.P., Gluconic Acid Production under Varying Fermentation Conditions by Aspergillus niger. J Chem Tech Biotechnol, 78: 208–212, 2003.
Singh, O.V., Kapur, N. and Singh, R.P., Evaluation of agro-food by-products for gluconic acid fermentation by Aspergillus niger ORS-4Æ410. World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 21: 519–524, 2005.
Singh, O.V. and Singh, R.P., Bioconversion of Grape Must into Modulated Gluconic Acid Production by Aspergillus niger ORS-4.410, Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 1114-1122, 2006.
Solomon, B.O., Layokun, S.K., Idowu A.O. and Ilori, M.O. Prospects for the utilization of the endogenous enzymes in sorghum malt in the hydrolysis of starch: case study with utilization of breadfruit starch for ethanol production. Food Biotechnology, 8: 243 – 255, 1994.
Vassilev, N.B., Vassileva M.C. and Spassova, D.I., Production of gluconic acid by Aspergillus niger immobilized on a polyurethane foam, Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 39: 285–288, 1993.
Weir, C., Fruit Tree Crop Production in the Caribbean Region (Caribbean Development Bank, Barbados, 1982), 1982.
Znad, H., Markos, J. and Bales, V., Production of Gluconic Acid from Glucose by Aspergillus niger: Growth and Non growth Conditions, Process Biochem., 39: 1341–1345, 2004.
Published
2011-11-01
How to Cite
Betiku, E., Ajala, E., & Layokun, S. (2011). Optimization Of Breadfruit Hydrolysate Medium For Gluconic Acid Production By Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus niger. Ife Journal of Technology, 20(2), 30-35. Retrieved from http://ijt.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/ijt/article/view/89
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