Effects of Increasing Nano-Scale Coating Thickness of Titanium on the Interaction of Silicon with Cancer Cells
Keywords:
titanium, silicon, nano-scale, coating thickness, cellular responseAbstract
The effect of increasing nano-scale coating thickness of titanium on the interaction of silicon with cancer cells is investigated. Titanium coating of varying nano-scale thickness was deposited on silicon surface. Surface characterizations of the modified and unmodified samples were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). Human osteosarcoma cells (HOS) were cultured on the surfaces to study the effects of the modification on its cellular response. Optical microscopy and SEM were used to study the morphology of the cells on the different cultured samples. The quality of cells adhesion was also studied using shear assay techniques. 50 nm coating of titanium on silicon surfaces was found to reduce its surface roughness from 1.36 nm to 1.19 nm. This enhances the interaction of the silicon through a rapid spread of the cells. It was also observed that increasing the titanium coating thickness from 50 nm to 100 nm resulted in a further drop in the surface roughness value to 1.12 nm with the consequent increase in its cellular response. The application of increasing nano-scale thickness of titanium on silicon substrate was found to enhance the quantity and quality off cell adsorption, adhesion and proliferation.
References
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Elbert. D. L., Habbell, J.A., ‘Surface Treatments of Polymers for Biocompatibility,’ Ann. Rev. Matter. Sci. 26, pp 365- 394, 1996.
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Groth, T., Altankov G and Klozz, K., ‘Adhesion of human peripheral blood lymphocytes is dependent on surface wettability and protein pre-adsorption,’ Biomaterials, 15, p. 423 -428, 1994.
Hallah, N., Bundy, K., ’Connor, K. O., Moses, R. L. and Jacobs, J.J., ‘Biological Adhesion at Interface,’ Tissue Eng., 71, p. 55- 71c, 2001.
Hubler, G. K. and Hirvonen, J. K., Ion- Beam- Assisted Deposition, Surface Engineering, 5, (ASM International,) pp. 593- 601, 1994.
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Kiewetter, K.., Schwartz, Z., Hummert, T., Cuchran, D., Simpson, T., Dean D. and Buyan, B., ‘Surface roughness modulates the local production of growth factors and cytokines by osteoblast – like –MG – 63 cells,’ J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 32, pp 55- 63, 1996.
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Lee, I.S., Whany, C.N., Kim, H.E., Park, J.C., Song, J. H and Kim, S.R., ‘Various Ca/P ratios of thin calcium phosphate films,’ Materials Science and Engineering C 22 pp15-20, 2002.
Leventon, W., ‘New Coatings and Processes Add Value to Medical Devices,’ Med. Dev. Diagn Ind., Aug, 2001, p 48.
Lim, J.Y., Liu, X., Volger E.A and Donalime, H.J., ‘systematic variation in Osteoblast adhesion and phenotype with substratum surface characteristics,’ J . Biomed Mater Res 68A, pp 504- 512, 2004.
Matsuzaka, K., Yoshinari, M., Shimono, M. and Inove, T., ‘Effects of multigrooved surfaces on osteoblast-like cells in vitro: Scanning electron microscopic observation and mRNA expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin,’ J. Biomed. Mater, Res., 68A, pp 227- 234, 2003.
Milburn C.A. and King, E., 2004, ‘Effects of Biocompatible Nano-Scale Coatings on Cell Spreading and Adhesion to BioMEMS Structures,’ Senior Thesis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, NJ, 2004.
Milburn C., Chen J., Cao Y., Oparinde G. M., Adeoye M. O.,. Beye A and Soboyejo W. O., ‘Investigation of effects of Argenine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD) and nano-scale titanium coatings on cell spreading and adhesion,’ Materials science & engineering C., Biomimetic and supramolecular systems, 29, (1), pp. 306-314, 2009.
Milburn, C.J., 2004, ‘Effect of Surface Modification to Silicon Materials: Implications for cell/surface interactions and Adhesion to BioMEMS Surfaces and Microcantilever sensors,’ M.Sc Thesis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 2004.
Miller, F.A., Jetinija S. and Mallapragada, S., ‘Synthetic effects of physical and chemical guidance cues on micro patterned biodegradable polymer substrates,’ Tissue Eng. 8 pp 367- 380, 2002.
Mrksich, M., ‘A Surface Chemistry approach to studying cell adhesion,’ Chem. Soc. Rev. 29 pp 267- 273, 2000.
Mwenifumbo, S. C., ‘Cell surface Interactions and adhesion on Biomedical and BioMEM Surfaces; Effect of laser Micro. Texturing and Titanium Coatings,’ Master’s thesis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 2004.
Nayab, S., Shinanwi, L., Hobkirk J., Tate, T. J., Olsen I. and Jones, F.H., ‘Adhesion of bone cells to ion-implanted titanium,’ Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 14, pp 991- 997, 2003.
Overchin, M. and DeBeer, T., ‘The clot thickness; How thrombin modulates blood clothing,’ Nature Structure Biol. 7, pp 267-269, 2000.
Petersen, A. E., ‘Silicon as a Mechanical Materials,’ Proc. IEEE, 70 (5), pp 420 -457, 1982.
Pilliar, R. M., ‘Porous, Biomaterials,’ In Concise Encyclopedia of Medical and Dental Materials, edited by Williams, D. F., 1990, Pergamon Press and the MIT Press, pp 312- 319, 1990.
Price, R., Valid, M., Haberstroch, R and Webster, T., ‘Selective bore cell adhesion on formulations containing carbon nanofibers,’ Biomaterials, 24, pp 1827-1887, 2003.
Puleo, D.A. and Bizis, R., ‘Formation of focal contacts by osteoblasts cultured on orthopaedic biomaterials,’ JBMR, 26, pp. 291-. 301, 1992.
Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J., Lemons, J.E., ‘Biomaterials Science, An Introduction to Materials in Medicine,’ 2nd edition”, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, pp.73-81, 2004.
Recknor, J.B. , Recknor, J.L., Sakaguehui D. S. and. Mallapragada, K., ‘Oriented astroglial cell growth on micropatterned polystyrene substractes,’ Biomaterials, 25 pp 2753 – 2767, 2004.
Richards, R.G., ‘The effect of surface roughness on fibroblast adhesion in – vitro,’ Injury, 27 (53) pp 38- 43, 1996.
Smith, T., ‘The effect of Plasma- Sprayed Coatings on the Fatigue of Titanium alloy implants,’ JOM., Feb 1994, pp 54- 56, 1994.
Tay, L., Gerberich, W.W., Krudeeberg L. and Lania, D.R., ‘Biocompatibility of Chemical-vapour deposited diamond,’ Biomaterials, 16, Pp 480- 483, 1995.
Wiliams, D.F., ‘Definitions in Biomaterials,’ In: Progress in Biomedical Engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 66- 71, 1987.
Wolgeuth, L., ‘Assessing the performance and Suitability of parylene coating,’ Med. Dev. Design Ind., August 2000, p 42, 2000.
Woodward, S.C and Salthouse, T.N., ‘The tissue response to implants and its evaluation by light microscopy,’ In: Von Recum, A.F., ed. Handbook of Biomaterial Evaluation, Collier, Macmillan Publ. London pp 364 – 378, 1986.
Baseter, L.C., Fravchifer, M., Textor, M. A., Groynn I and Richards, R.G., , ‘Fibroblast and Osteoblast Adhesian and Morphology on Calcium phosphate surfaces,’ European Cells and Material 4, (1), pp 1- 17, 2002.
Bhalerao, K.D. Mwenifumbo, S.C. Soboyejo A.B.O. and Soboyejo, W.O., ‘Bounds in the Sensitivity of BioMEMS Devices for Cell Detection,’ Biomedical Microdevices 6(1), p 23- 31, 2004.
Blazewiez, M., Czajkowska, B., Bacakova, L., Pamula E. and Blazewiez, S., ‘Effect of Chemical and Topographical Features of Biomaterial surface on cell Response,’ European Cells and Materials 7 Suppl 1, p 18, 2004.
Bobyn J.D., ‘Biologic Fixation and Bone Modeling with an Unconstrained Canins Total Knee Prosthesis,’ Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., No. 166, p307, 1982.
Brunette D. M and Cheroudi B., ‘The effect of surface topography of micro machined titanium substrata on cell behaviour in vitro and in vivo,’ J. Biomed. Eng. 121, p 49 -57, 1999.
Brunette, D.M., ‘The Effect of Surface Topography on cells migration and adhesion,’ In: Ratner, B. .D., (ed.), Surface characteristics of Biomaterials, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 203 – 217, 1988.
Bunshah, R.F., ‘PVD and CVD Coatings,’ Friction, Lubrication and Wear Technology, 18 (ASM International) p. 840 -849, 1992.
Chou, L., Firth, J.D., Vitto V. J. and Brunette, D.M., ‘Substratum surface topography alters cell shape and regulate Fibroneeting MRN level, MRNA stability, secretion and assembly in Human Fibroblast,’ Journal of Cell Science 111 p. 1863 -1873, 1995.
Davis, D.H., Giannoulis, C.O., Johnson R.W. and Desai, T.A., ‘Immobilization of RGD to (111) Silicon Surfaces for enhanced cell adhesion and proliferation,’ Biomaterials, 23, pp 4019- 4027, 2002.
Dickinson, G. and Bisno, A.L., ‘Infections associated with indwelling devices: infections related to extravascular devices,’ Antimicrob Agents, Chemother, 33, pp 597-560, 1986.
Elbert. D. L., Habbell, J.A., ‘Surface Treatments of Polymers for Biocompatibility,’ Ann. Rev. Matter. Sci. 26, pp 365- 394, 1996.
Feng, B., Chen, J.Y., Qi, S. K., CHe, L., Zhao J.Z. and Zhang, X.D., ‘Characterization of surface oxide films on titanium and bioactivity,’ Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine,13, pp 457-464, 2002.
Feng, B., Weng, J., Yang, B.C., Chen, J.Y., Zhao, J. Z., He L., Qi S.K. and. Zhang, X. D., ‘Surface Characterization of Titanium and Adsorption of Bovine Serum Album,’ Materials Characterization, 49, pp 129-137, 2003,.
George, J.N., ‘Fig. lets’, Lancet,355, pp 1531-1539, 2000.
Georgi, A., Grimed F. and Groth, T., ‘Studies on the biocompatibility of materials: Fibroblast reorganisation of substratum-bound fibronection on surface varying in wettability,’ J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 30, pp. 385 -391, 1996.
Gristina, A.G., Hobgood, C., Webb, L., Myrvik, Q., ‘Implant Failure and the immuno-incompetent fibro inflammatory zone,’ Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res., 298, p. 106- 118, 1994,
Groth, T., Altankov G and Klozz, K., ‘Adhesion of human peripheral blood lymphocytes is dependent on surface wettability and protein pre-adsorption,’ Biomaterials, 15, p. 423 -428, 1994.
Hallah, N., Bundy, K., ’Connor, K. O., Moses, R. L. and Jacobs, J.J., ‘Biological Adhesion at Interface,’ Tissue Eng., 71, p. 55- 71c, 2001.
Hubler, G. K. and Hirvonen, J. K., Ion- Beam- Assisted Deposition, Surface Engineering, 5, (ASM International,) pp. 593- 601, 1994.
Ingber D. E and Jamieson, J. D., ‘Cells as tensegrity structures: architectural regulation of histo differentiation by physical forces transduced over basement membrane,’ In: Gene Expression During Normal Malignant Differentiation, (eds. L. C. Andersson, C. G. Gahmberg, and Ekblom) Academic Press: Orlando. FL. pp. 13-32, 1993.
Jethanandani, R., ‘The Development and Applications of Diamond – Like – Carbon Films,’ JOM, Feb 1997, pp 63 – 65, 1997.
Khor, K.A., Cheang, P. and Wang, Y.,’ Plasma Spraying of Combustion Flame Spheroidized Hydroxyapatite, (HA) Powders,’ J. Therm. Spray. Technol, June 1998, pp 254 -260, 1998.
Kiewetter, K.., Schwartz, Z., Hummert, T., Cuchran, D., Simpson, T., Dean D. and Buyan, B., ‘Surface roughness modulates the local production of growth factors and cytokines by osteoblast – like –MG – 63 cells,’ J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 32, pp 55- 63, 1996.
Komu, R., Maloney, W. J., Kelly M. A and Smith, R.L., ‘Osteoblast adhesion to orthopaedic implant alloys; effects of cells adhesion molecules and diamond-like carbon coating,’ J. Orthop. Res., 14, pp 871- 877, 1996.
Kumari, T.V. Vazuelev, U. Kumari A and. Menon, B., ‘Cell surface interactions in the study of Biocompatibility,’ Trends Biomater. and Artif. Organ 16 (2), pp 37- 41, 2002.
Lee, I.S., Whany, C.N., Kim, H.E., Park, J.C., Song, J. H and Kim, S.R., ‘Various Ca/P ratios of thin calcium phosphate films,’ Materials Science and Engineering C 22 pp15-20, 2002.
Leventon, W., ‘New Coatings and Processes Add Value to Medical Devices,’ Med. Dev. Diagn Ind., Aug, 2001, p 48.
Lim, J.Y., Liu, X., Volger E.A and Donalime, H.J., ‘systematic variation in Osteoblast adhesion and phenotype with substratum surface characteristics,’ J . Biomed Mater Res 68A, pp 504- 512, 2004.
Matsuzaka, K., Yoshinari, M., Shimono, M. and Inove, T., ‘Effects of multigrooved surfaces on osteoblast-like cells in vitro: Scanning electron microscopic observation and mRNA expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin,’ J. Biomed. Mater, Res., 68A, pp 227- 234, 2003.
Milburn C.A. and King, E., 2004, ‘Effects of Biocompatible Nano-Scale Coatings on Cell Spreading and Adhesion to BioMEMS Structures,’ Senior Thesis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, NJ, 2004.
Milburn C., Chen J., Cao Y., Oparinde G. M., Adeoye M. O.,. Beye A and Soboyejo W. O., ‘Investigation of effects of Argenine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD) and nano-scale titanium coatings on cell spreading and adhesion,’ Materials science & engineering C., Biomimetic and supramolecular systems, 29, (1), pp. 306-314, 2009.
Milburn, C.J., 2004, ‘Effect of Surface Modification to Silicon Materials: Implications for cell/surface interactions and Adhesion to BioMEMS Surfaces and Microcantilever sensors,’ M.Sc Thesis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 2004.
Miller, F.A., Jetinija S. and Mallapragada, S., ‘Synthetic effects of physical and chemical guidance cues on micro patterned biodegradable polymer substrates,’ Tissue Eng. 8 pp 367- 380, 2002.
Mrksich, M., ‘A Surface Chemistry approach to studying cell adhesion,’ Chem. Soc. Rev. 29 pp 267- 273, 2000.
Mwenifumbo, S. C., ‘Cell surface Interactions and adhesion on Biomedical and BioMEM Surfaces; Effect of laser Micro. Texturing and Titanium Coatings,’ Master’s thesis, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 2004.
Nayab, S., Shinanwi, L., Hobkirk J., Tate, T. J., Olsen I. and Jones, F.H., ‘Adhesion of bone cells to ion-implanted titanium,’ Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 14, pp 991- 997, 2003.
Overchin, M. and DeBeer, T., ‘The clot thickness; How thrombin modulates blood clothing,’ Nature Structure Biol. 7, pp 267-269, 2000.
Petersen, A. E., ‘Silicon as a Mechanical Materials,’ Proc. IEEE, 70 (5), pp 420 -457, 1982.
Pilliar, R. M., ‘Porous, Biomaterials,’ In Concise Encyclopedia of Medical and Dental Materials, edited by Williams, D. F., 1990, Pergamon Press and the MIT Press, pp 312- 319, 1990.
Price, R., Valid, M., Haberstroch, R and Webster, T., ‘Selective bore cell adhesion on formulations containing carbon nanofibers,’ Biomaterials, 24, pp 1827-1887, 2003.
Puleo, D.A. and Bizis, R., ‘Formation of focal contacts by osteoblasts cultured on orthopaedic biomaterials,’ JBMR, 26, pp. 291-. 301, 1992.
Ratner, B.D., Hoffman, A.S., Schoen, F.J., Lemons, J.E., ‘Biomaterials Science, An Introduction to Materials in Medicine,’ 2nd edition”, Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, pp.73-81, 2004.
Recknor, J.B. , Recknor, J.L., Sakaguehui D. S. and. Mallapragada, K., ‘Oriented astroglial cell growth on micropatterned polystyrene substractes,’ Biomaterials, 25 pp 2753 – 2767, 2004.
Richards, R.G., ‘The effect of surface roughness on fibroblast adhesion in – vitro,’ Injury, 27 (53) pp 38- 43, 1996.
Smith, T., ‘The effect of Plasma- Sprayed Coatings on the Fatigue of Titanium alloy implants,’ JOM., Feb 1994, pp 54- 56, 1994.
Tay, L., Gerberich, W.W., Krudeeberg L. and Lania, D.R., ‘Biocompatibility of Chemical-vapour deposited diamond,’ Biomaterials, 16, Pp 480- 483, 1995.
Wiliams, D.F., ‘Definitions in Biomaterials,’ In: Progress in Biomedical Engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 66- 71, 1987.
Wolgeuth, L., ‘Assessing the performance and Suitability of parylene coating,’ Med. Dev. Design Ind., August 2000, p 42, 2000.
Woodward, S.C and Salthouse, T.N., ‘The tissue response to implants and its evaluation by light microscopy,’ In: Von Recum, A.F., ed. Handbook of Biomaterial Evaluation, Collier, Macmillan Publ. London pp 364 – 378, 1986.
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Oyatogun, G., Soboyejo, W., Afonja, A., Imasogie, B., Adewoye, O., Adeoye, M., & Esan, T. (2013). Effects of Increasing Nano-Scale Coating Thickness of Titanium on the Interaction of Silicon with Cancer Cells. Ife Journal of Technology, 22(1), 9–14. Retrieved from https://ijt.oauife.edu.ng/index.php/ijt/article/view/113
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